Stephenson, D., Bevins, R.E., Millward, D., Highton, A.J., Parsons, I., Stone, P. & Wadsworth, W.J. 1999. Caledonian Igneous Rocks of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 17, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 1 86107 471 9.
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R. E. Bevins
Volcanic rocks are exposed extensively in the north Pembrokeshire region. The major activity, for example around Fishguard, appears to have occurred during Llanvirn times, chiefly during Didymograptus bifidus Biozone times. In the Abereiddi area, volcanic rocks of the Llanrian Volcanic Formation (of Hughes et al., 1982) are exposed on the north and south sides of the bay, on opposing limbs of the Llanrian Syncline. On the south side of the bay, between Casten Coch in the west and Melin Abereiddi in the east, basaltic tuffs of the Didymograptus Murchisoni Ash of Cox (1915), or the Abereiddi Tuff Member of Hughes et al. (1982), are of Didymograptus murchisoni Biozone age. On the north side of Abereiddi Bay, silicic tuffs of Didymograptus bifidus Biozone age, are exposed; these are the Llanrian Volcanic Group of Cox (1915), or the Lower Crystal Tuff Member of the Llanrian Volcanic Formation of Hughes et al. (1982).
The first important description of these tuffs was by Cox (1915). Bevins and Roach (1979b) provided an initial interpretation of the environment and the depositional processes responsible for the genesis of the various tuffs. This was expanded upon by Kokelaar et al. (1984a). The geochemistry of tuffs belonging to the Abereiddi Tuff Member was described by Bevins et al. (1992).
Tuffs belonging to the Abereiddi Tuff Member represent the youngest Ordovician volcanic rocks exposed in the southern part of the Welsh Basin.
The Ordovician sequence in the area around Abereiddi contains significant volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, exposed in two E–W coastal sections. These rocks are interbedded with strongly cleaved mudstones that reflect the character of the background sedimentation which was punctuated periodically by short-lived volcanic events.
At the western end of the cliffs forming the south side of Abereiddi Bay
The lower tuff unit is poorly to moderately bedded, with successively higher beds becoming overall of finer grade and showing more clearly defined coarse-grained bases (coarse-tail grad ing). The upper unit, in contrast, is not obviously bedded, although it does show evidence of grading. The tuffs are composed of angular, sco-riaceous basalt lapilli and sparsely vesicular blocks and bombs, up to 40 cm in diameter, set in a fine-grained tuffaceous matrix
To the east, in the area around Melin Abereiddi, the tuffs are thinner (around 60 m). The tuffs of the lower unit rest conformably on tuffaceous mudstones, and are poorly sorted, with crude coarse-tail grading and ill-defined bedding. Upwards the tuffs of the lower unit become more thinly bedded and finer grained. The upper unit, which has a distinctive lapilli-tuff at its base, shows a coarser grain-size. These tuffs are well bedded, with bed thickness ranging from 3–25 cm; some beds showing normal grading, although most show little to no evidence of grading. Parallel and ripple drift lamination are present. Bed bases tend to be planar, although locally erosive, down-cutting bases are also seen. Upwards, these tuffs pass conformably into tuffaceous mudstones and mudstones.
On the north side of Abereiddi Bay
Subsequent studies (Bevins and Roach, 1979a), however, have shown that they contain shards and are fine-grained, silicic tuffs.
The silicic rocks of the Llanrian Volcanic Formation were interpreted by Cox (1915) as being rhyolitic lavas. However, they contain shardic fragments, along with crystals and are interpreted as ash-flow tuffs, emplaced subaque-ously and later extensively recrystallized.
The tuffs of the Abereiddi Tuff Member were deposited entirely in a submarine environment and are interpreted as deposits chiefly from low-and high-density turbidity currents and from debris flows. They become thicker towards the west, as well as becoming coarser grained and less well bedded. The sequence is thought to have been generated by the periodic slumping of unstable basaltic debris down the flanks of a submarine volcano. The increase in bedding features and the fining of grain-size upwards through the sequence possibly reflects a decrease in the rate of activity with time, such that the input of slumped material and coarse-grained debris decreased progressively. Periodic increases in activity are reflected, for example, by the lapilli-tuffs at the base of the upper unit of the sequence.
Ordovician tuffs exposed to the north and south of Abereiddi Bay reflect subaqueous silicic and basaltic volcanism. The silicic tuffs were probably generated as ash-flow tuffs from primary explosive eruptions and developed broadly contemporaneous with similar tuffs to the east around Fishguard (at the Pen Caer GCR site) and to the west in the vicinity of Ramsey Island (at the Aber Mawr to Porth Lleuog GCR site). Direct correlations are not possible due to lack of outcrop continuity, but they clearly form part of the major bimodal basic–silicic volcanism which characterized this part of the Welsh Basin in early Ordovician times.
Basaltic tuffs appear to have been generated on the flanks of a submarine volcano; loose ash and lapilli were reworked due to slumping, leading to the accumulation of a sequence of turbidity deposits. These tuffs are the youngest Ordovician volcanic deposits in the southern part of the Welsh Basin.