Rushton, A.W.A., Owen, A.W., Owens, R.M. & Prigmore, J.K. 2000. British Cambrian to Ordovician Stratigraphy. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 18, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 1 86107 4727.
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The outcrops to the north-west of Llynnau Cregennen display a partial section through the lower part of the Aran Volcanic Group from the local base of the Arenig up to fossiliferous Llanvirn strata which serve to date the lower parts of the Aran Volcanic Group.
Ridgway (1975) proposed the term Aran Volcanic Group for the major complex of volcanic rocks that girdle the south and east of the Harlech Dome, and the area of the Cregennen site shows a representative succession through the lower part of that group. The strata are well exposed and make splendid and most instructive topographical features at the site and in the ridges to the north-east
The general succession in the area was described by Cox and Wells (1921) who named in ascending succession (1) the Basement Series (of Arenig age), (2) the Lower Acid Series (including the fossiliferous Pont Kings Slates, thought to lie at the Arenig–Llanvirn boundary), (3) the lower Llanvirn, consisting of the Moelyn Slates, Bryn Brith Ashes, Croegenen Slates and the Cefn Hir Ashes, overlain by (4) the Lower Basic Series (of uncertain age). The British Geological Survey (1995) re-mapped the area and redescribed the succession (Pratt et al., 1995), and that account is followed here. The 'Basement Series' is assigned to the Allt biryd Formation, the 'Lower Acid Series' is equivalent to the Offrwm Volcanic Formation, and the lower Llanvirn strata are referred to the Cregennen Formation (with the Bryn Brith and Cefn Hir members) and are overlain by the Llyn y Gafr Volcanic Formation.
The Allt Lŵyd Formation rests sharply on the Dol-cyn-afon Formation (Tremadoc) near Pant-y-cae
The Offrwm Volcanic Formation consists of 100 m of acid tuffs and intercalated mudstones. Pratt et al. (1995, fig. 12) gave a log. The succession is interrupted by a thick, intrusive dolerite sill. No fossils are recorded here, but graptolites of early Llanvirn age (Amplexograptus confertus (Lapworth), Didymograptus cf. miserabilis Bulman) were found about 1 km to the north-east (Pratt et al., 1995, p. 24), in strata that Cox and Wells (1921, pl. 20) mapped as 'Pont Kings Slate'.
The stream that drains Llynnau Cregennen exposes mudstones representative of the type area of the Cregennen Formation, together with a thin development of the Bryn Brith Member, both dipping south-east at about 60°. The Cregennen Formation consists mainly of dark-coloured graptolitic mudstone with numerous thin beds and layers of feldspar crystals and fragments of volcanic rocks. Cleavage is strong, and bedding may (in the absence of tuffaceous layers) be difficult to discern. Pendent didymograptids typical of the lower Llanvirn artus Zone have been collected, including Didymograptus (D.) cf. spinulosus Perner west of Llynnau Cregennen
The Bryn Brith Member consists of coarse-grained basic tuffs with mudstone interbeds, together forming a steep ridge that stands above the ground occupied by the softer slates. Pratt et al. (1995, fig. 13) gave a log and recorded trilobites, including Stapeleyella murchisonii (Salter), from a mudstone interbed immediately north of the site
The Allt Lŵyd Formation represents shallow-water sandstones deposited under the influence of storms. According to Pratt et al. (1995, p. 20), deposition of coarse sandstone commenced to the south-west in Tremadoc to early Arenig times and transgressed towards an uplifted area in the north-east, where some of the sandstones yield probable Llanvirn acritarch floras. The present site lies in an intermediate position in this tran-sect. Traynor (1990, fig. 11) showed deposition of deltaic fans forming on the downthrow side of the active fault scarp that marks the southerly margin of his 'Fairbourne Trough' to the south of the Harlech Dome.
After uplift and erosion the tuffs of the Offrwm Volcanic Formation were deposited sub-aqueously. Intercalated mudstones contain early Llanvirn graptolites referred to the artus Zone, but Cox and Wells' (1921) record of Arenig graptolites was discounted by Rushton (in Pratt et al., 1995, p. 24), and all the known faunas associated with the Offrwm Volcanic Formation are regarded as basal Llanvirn in age.
The Cregennen Formation represents background deposition of fine-grained detritus in poorly oxygenated conditions and is typical of graptolitic Llanvirn mudstones in much of Wales. It includes periodic influxes of volcanic material by mass-flow from a volcanic centre somewhere nearby; the Bryn Brith and Cefn Hir members show the most substantial of these flows. Although the location of the centre is uncertain, Pratt et al. (1995, p. 30) considered it may have lain to the north-east. All the identifiable faunas indicate the artus Zone and set a maximum age for the Llyn y Gafr Formation, which underlies strata of the multidens (and possibly gracilis?) Zone, but is otherwise of uncertain age (Pratt et al., 1995, p. 32).
Llynnau Cregennen provides an admirably featured and instructive transect of the stratigraphy of the lower part of the Aran Volcanic Group. Faunas from the vicinity demonstrate better than those from elsewhere around Cadair Idris the Llanvirn age of the first stages of volcanic activity of the Man Volcanic Group.