Rushton, A.W.A., Owen, A.W., Owens, R.M. & Prigmore, J.K. 2000. British Cambrian to Ordovician Stratigraphy. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 18, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 1 86107 4727.
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Exposures in the River Calder yield a distinctive late Tremadoc acritarch flora and the only essentially trilobitic fauna known from the Skiddaw Group. The source rock may be an olistolith of Tremadoc strata derived into the Buttermere Formation.
Having described the graptolite fauna of the Skiddaw Group, Elles (1898) considered that part of it was of Tremadoc age, but subsequent revision did not uphold her conclusions, and for some years the Skiddaw Group was believed to be no older than Arenig (Jackson, 1962). In 1985, however, Molyneux and Rushton reported late Tremadoc acritarchs and trilobites from the Calder River north-west of Latter Barrow hill and also from other areas of the Skiddaw Group outcrop. Allen and Cooper (1986) reviewed the geological investigations in the area of Latter Barrow and produced a geological map. In 1988, Webb and Cooper described an olistostrome deposit in the Buttermere area; subsequently Cooper et al. (1995) formalized this as the Buttermere Formation and extended its outcrop to include the area of the Calder River, so the Tremadoc rocks there may represent an olis-tolith within the Buttermere Formation.
The Skiddaw Group is exposed in the River Calder to the west of Latter Barrow hill, 6 km east of Egremont (see
Acritarchs were detected in six samples collected from these exposures, and detailed analysis showed that their age lies between the base of the Shumardia (Conophrys) salopiensis (= pusilla) Zone and the top of the Tetragraptus approximatus Zone and is probably late-Tremadoc (Molyneux and Rushton, 1985). Ten species of trilobites, together with a few other shelly fossils, were collected from three places on the east bank, and one trilobite is recorded from the right bank (Rushton, 1988). The trilobites include Niobina davidis (Lake) and Peltocare olenoides (Salter), both known from Y Garth in the Porthmadog area of North Wales (see site report for Y Garth); they also indicate a late Tremadoc age and were correlated with the Angelina sedgwickii Zone of the Welsh Tremadoc succession (Rushton, 1988). The fauna also includes Parabolinella triarthroides Harrington, described from the upper Tremadoc of Argentina, and at least two new endemic species.
The Tremadoc age of the exposures in the River Calder contrasts with Arenig faunas (Isograptus gibberulus Zone?) from Ya Gill, 1 km to the north-east, and Beck Grains, 1 km to the southeast, and its discovery contributed to the identification of an unconformity at the base of the overlying Latterbarrow Formation (Allen and Cooper, 1986). However, identification of the Buttermere Formation as an olistostrome suggests that all the Tremadoc localities are within a large olistolith of a pre-existing Tremadoc formation and derived into the Buttermere formation by major slumping, inferred by Cooper et al. (1995, p. 202) to have occurred during late Arenig times.
Although acritarch floras are very widely distributed throughout the Skiddaw Group, the present locality has the only essentially trilobitic fauna in the group; indeed, it has yielded more trilobites than all the rest of the Skiddaw Group below the Llanvirn. Late-Tremadoc trilobite faunas are uncommon, presumably partly on account of the end-Tremadoc eustatic regression, and elsewhere in Britain they are restricted to North Wales and the Shelve area of Shropshire (Fortey and Owens, 1992). The Calder fauna appears to be an outer-shelf benthic association that inhabited cool water (Rushton, 1988).
This site is unique in the Lake District in exposing a rarely found benthic trilobite fauna of late-Tremadoc age. It is probable that the fossiliferous strata slipped into their present place in a giant chaotic submarine mud-slide.