Huddart, D. & Glasser, N.F. 2007. Quaternary of Northern England. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 25, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 1 86107 490 5. The original source material for these web pages has been made available by the JNCC under the Open Government Licence 3.0. Full details in the JNCC Open Data Policy

Tables

(Table 1.1) Quaternary of northern England: tor evolution network

Site name GCR selection criteria
Great Almscliff Crag, North Yorkshire Representative of Pennine tors developed on Millstone Grit; within the Dimlington Stadial ice limit
Burbage Brook, High Peak Representative of Pennine tors developed on Millstone Grit; demonstrates relationship between tors, geological structure and slope evolution
Brimham Rocks, North Yorkshire Representative of Pennine scarp-edge ton developed on Millstone Grit
Wyns Tor, High Peak Representative of Pennine tors developed on dolomitized limestone; evidence for a former weathering cover surrounding tor
Bridestones, North Yorkshire Representative of North York Moors tors developed on limestone
Blackstone Edge, Greater Manchester Representative of the Pennine weathering cover (Millstone Grit grus); demonstrates that the majority of weathering is mechanical in origin
Stiperstones, Shropshire Representative of quartzite tors developed adjacent to Dimlington Stadial ice limit; demonstrates association with periglacial landforms and sediments
Cheviot Tors, Northumberland Representative of tors developed in andesite and granite; demonstrates relationship with deeply weathered bedrock and glacial landforms and sediments

(Table 2.2) Relationships between the British Quaternary stratigraphical classification (after Mitchell et al., 1973), selected lithostratigraphical units, oxygen isotope stratigraphy and polarity (from Bowen, 1999).

1st Edition (1973) Lithostratigraphy Aminozone D-alle/L-Ile$ Age (ka)† δ18O and polarity
Hailing Member Hailing 0.036 ± 0.01 (3) 10.9 ± 0.12 (14C) 2
Devensian Stockport Formation δ Upton Warren Member Upton Warren 0.07 ± 0.007 (3) 3
Cassington Member Cassington 0.08 ± 0.009 (6) ~80 (OSL) 5a
Ipswichian Trafalgar Square Member Trafalgar Square 0.1 ± 0.001 (11) 124 ± 5.4 (U) 5e
Ridgacre Formation Δ Kidderminster Member 159.5 ± 13 (36Cl) 6
Wolstonian Strensham Court Bed Strensham 0.17 ± 0.01 (4) ~200 (OSL)* 7
Rushley Green Member 8
Hoxne Formation Hoxne 0.26 ± 0.02 (9) 319 ± 38 (ESR) 9
Hoxnian Spring Hill Member 10
Swanscombe Member Swanscombe 0.3 ± 0.017 (34) ~400 (U)* 471 ± 15 (TL)* 11
Anglian Lowestoft Formation A 12
West Runton Member West Runton 0.35 ± 0.01 (9) ~500 (ESR) 13
Cromerian Waverley Wood Member Waverley Wood 0.38 ± 0.026 (5) 15
Kenn Formation Δ 16
Grace Formation ‡ Grace 0.43 ± 0.02 (4) 810 ± 140 (ESR) 21
$ Number of analyses in parentheses

† Age estimate – method in parentheses

* Age established at another locality of the aminozone

Δ Glacial formation

‡ Somme Valley, France

(Table 2.3) Proposed climatostratigraphical stages in Britain (after Mitchell et al., 1973).

Stage Stratotype Notes
Flandrian Begins 10 ka (14C); base at bottom of pollen zone IV
Devensian Four Ashes, Staffordshire [SJ 914 082] Late: 26–10 ka (14C)
Middle: 50–26 ka (14C): includes Upton Warren interstadial complex
Early: preceding 50 ka (14C): includes Chelford interstadial ~60 ka (14C)
Ipswichian Bobbitshole, Ipswich [TM 148 414] Base at beginning of pollen zone II
Wolstonian Wolston, Warwickshire [SP 411 748] Includes Baginton–Lillington gravels, Baginton sand, Wolston series,
Dunsmore gravels; base at bottom of Baginton–Lillington gravels
Hoxnian Hoxne, Suffolk [TM 543 977] Base at beginning of pollen zone HI
Anglian Corton Cliff, Suffolk [TM 543 977] Lowestoft Till, Corton Sands, Norwich Brickearth/Cromer Till; base at bottom of lower till
Cromerian West Runton, Norfolk [TG 188 432] Upper Freshwater Bed; base at bottom of pollen zone C1
Beestonian Beeston, Norfolk [TG 169 433] Arctic Freshwater Bed; base at bottom of pollen zone PI
Pastonian Paston, Norfolk [TG 341 352] Gravels, sands and silts; base at bottom of pollen zone BeI
Baventian Easton Bavents, Suffolk [TM 518 787] Marine silt; base at bottom of pollen zone L4
Antian Ludham, Norfolk (borehole at [TG 385 199]) Marine shelly sand; base at bottom of pollen zone L3 (forams: Lv)
Thurman Marine silt: base at bottom of pollen zone L2 (forams: Lm)
Ludhamian Shelly sand: base at bottom of pollen zone L1 (forams: Ll)
Waltonian Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex [TM 267 237] Older Red Crag; base at bottom of Crag at Walton

(Table 4.4) Shell list from the Easington raised beach (based on Woolacott, 1920, 1922).

Species
Littorina littorea common
Littorina obtusata common
Littorina rudis
Patella vulgata common
Nucella lapillus
Cliona sp.
Polydora sp.
Saxicava sp.
Buccinum undatum
Arctica islandica
Mytilus edulis
Pecten sp.
Rhynchonella psittacea
Helix sp.

(Table 4.5) Faunal list for the Speeton Shell Bed (after Lamplugh, 1881c; Thistlewood and Whyte, 1993).

Psammobia sp.
Mactra sp.
Cerastoderma edule (L.)
Tellina balthica
Cardium edule
Macoma balthica (L.)
Scrobicularia plan (da Costa)
Scrobicularia piperata
Littorina littorea (L.)
L. rudis
Hydrobia (Peringia or Sabanaea) ulnae
(Pennant)
Retusa obtusa (Montagu) var. pretenuis
Mytilus edulis (L.)
Utriculus obtusus
Littorina saxatilis (Olivi)
Littorina littoralis (L.)
Balanus crenatus echinoid spines

(Table 4.6) Amino acid (D/L) ratios of Macoma balthica from the Speeton Shell Bed (from Wilson, 1991).

Collection date Laboratory identification D/L ratio Mean
1966 A 0.172 0.178 ± 0.005
(L.F. Penny) B 0.173
C 0.182
D 0.184
1988 50 cm* 0.154 0.203 ± 0.035
1.20 cm* 0.224
1.60 cm* 0.230
*Depth collected from top of shell bed

(Table 4.7) Pollen of the Speeton Shell Bed (from West, 1969).

Arboreal pollen Non-arboreal pollen
Betula Corylus
Pinus Gramineae
Ulm us Cyperaceae
Quercus Compositae (Ligulatae)
Carpinus Filipendula
Picea Plantago maritima
Umbelliferae
Sparganium-type
Filicales

(Table 4.8) Correlation of post-Hoxnian events, amino acid ratios and oxygen isotope stages (after Wymer, 1985; Bowen and Sykes, 1988).

Age (ka BP) Oxygen isotope stage D/L ratio (Macoma) Stage
2 Dimlington
24 3 0.085
59 4
71 5a–d
122 5e 0.16 Ipswichian
128 6 Wolstonian 3
186 7 0.2 Ilfordian
245 8
303 9 0.29 Hoxnian

(Table 4.9) Faunal list for the Sewerby sedimentary units (after Lamplugh, 1891b; Boylan, 1967; Catt, 1987c).

Ipswichian beach gravel Colluvium Aeolian dune sand
Mammalia
Crocuta crocuta (hyaena)
Ursus (bear)
Palaeoloxodon antiquus (straight-tusked elephant)
Didermoceros hemitoechus (narrow-nosed rhinoceras)
Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus)
Megaloceros giganteus (giant deer)
Bison cf. Priscus (bison)
Arvicola terrestris (water vole)
Mollusca
Littorina littorea L.
Ostrea edulis L.
Mytilus edulis L.
Purpura lapillus L.
Pholas sp.
Saxicava sp.
Helix hispida L.
Helix pulchella Mull
Pupa marginata Drap.
Zua subcyclindrica L.

(Table 5.1) The mammalian fauna from the Pin Hole Mammalian Zone, Lower Cave Earth, Pin Hole Cave, Cresswell, Derbyshire (after Currant and Jacobi, 2001).

Homo species artefacts
Lepus timidus mountain hare
Spermophilus major red-cheeked suslik
Canis lupis wolf
Vulpes vulpes red fox
Ursus arctos brown bear
Mustela erminea stoat
Mustela putorius polecat
Crocuta crocuta spotted hyaena
Panthera leo lion
Mammathus primigenius woolly mammoth
Equus ferus wild horse
Coelodonta antiquitatis woolly rhinoceros
Megaloceros giganteus giant deer
Rangifer tarandus reindeer
Bison priscus bison

(Table 5.2) Radiocarbon dates (years BP) on spotted hyaena remains from the Cresswell area, Derbyshire (after Currant and Jacobi, 2001)

Robin Hood Cave OxA-6115 22 800 ± 240
Robin Hood Cave OxA-6114 22 980 ± 480
Church Hole OxA-5800 24 000 ± 260
Ash Tree Cave OxA-5798 25 660 ± 380
Church Hole OxA-5799 26 840 ± 420
West Pin Hole (Dog Hole) OxA-5803 29 300 ± 420
Robin Hood Cave OxA-5802 31 050 ± 500
Pin Hole OxA-1206 32 200 ± 1000
Robin Hood Cave OxA-5801 33 450 ± 700
Pin Hole OxA-1207 34 500 ± 1200
Pin Hole OxA-4754 37 800 ± 1600
Pin Hole OxA-1448 42 200 ± 3000

(Table 5.3) Coleoptera from the Chelford Formation (data from Coope, 1959).

Family Number of species
Carabidae 30
Dytiscidae 12
Hydrophilidae 4
Silphidae 3
Leiodidae 1
Staphilinidae 13
Elateridae 8
Helodidae 1
Byrrhidae 4
Coccinellidae 2
Scarabaeidae 2
Cerambycidae 1
Chrysomelidae 7
Curculionidae 10
Scolytidae 2

(Table 5.5) The flora and fauna of the Dimlington Silts.

Coleoptera
Agabus bipustulatus L.
Aleocharinae indet.
Amara alpina Paykull
Amara quenseli Sch.
Aphodius sp.
Arpedium brachypterum Gr.
Bembidion sp. (lunatum group)
Bledius fuscipes Rye
Byrrhus sp.
Cercyon sp.
Feronia blandulus Mill.
Hydrobius sp.
Notaris aethiops F.
Ostracoda
Candona neglecta Sars
Cypridopsis vidua (Mull.)
Cyprinotus salinus (Brady)
Eucypris gemella Bodina
Ilocypyris gibba (Ramdohr)
Plants
Daphnia ephippia
Eleocharis palustris (L.)
Menyanthes trifoliata (L.)
Pohlia wahlenbergii (Web. & Mohr) glacialis (Schleich.)
Potamogeton alpinus Potamogeton filiformis
Trees
Pinus (sparse pollen)
Betula (sparse pollen)

(Table 6.3) Stratigraphy at Gransmoor (after Walker et al., 1993)

Lithological unit Depth (cm) Description
16 0–17/23 Fibrous peat; boundary is sharp but irregular, suggesting a possible hiatus. Blocks of reworked Late-Glacial clay occur within the Holocene peats.
15 17/23–37 Clay with sand laminae; laterally and vertically variable.
14 37–41 Angular and rounded chalk fragments.
13 41–88 Grey plastic day; clearly defined sand laminations at 49,74,82 and 89 cm.
12 90–112 Clay unit with abundant sandy laminations, varying from a few millimetres to 1 cm in thickness. Each lamination continuous and of uniform thickness.
11 112–115 Grey plastic day with small (<1 cm) pellets of chalk; latter appear flattened m the horizontal plane.
10 115–120 Silt/clay; black 'felted' peat layer at 120 cm
9 120–146 Laminated silt/clay with intercalations of 'felted' peat/plant debris.
8 146–147 Plastic grey clay.
7 147–172 Organic mud, but with clearly defined mineral/organic laminations in upper levels. Organic component variable, but maximum organic carbon values (~30%) towards the base of the unit. Bands of compressed plant debris occur in these lower levels.
6 172–187 Grey/brown silt/clay. Slightly organic (10% or less) throughout, but clearly defined clay-rich sub-unit from 174–178 cm; fibrous root material abundant.
5 187–203 Clay gyttja; organic content exceeds 20%, with maximum values (33%) near base of unit.
4 203–207 Transitional unit with intercalations of organic mud and grey silt/clay.
3 207–223 Clay marl with intermittent small (<2 cm) pellets of chalk; slightly organic (<10%) throughout.
2 223–235 Sand and clay laminae (up to 1 cm in thickness); some fine rootlet casts in the upper part.
1 Below 235 Sands and silts with intermittent horizons rich in gravel-sized particles of coal and occasional discrete lenses of slightly organic silt.

(Table 6.4) List of climatically significant Coleoptera species from the Gransmoor stratigraphy (from Walker et al., 1993).

Cold-adapted species Warmth-adapted species
Nebria nivalis *Bembidion grisvardi
*Diacheila arctica Bembidion humerale
*Diacheila polita Bembidion quadripustulatus
Elaphrus lapponicus Bembidion octomaculatum
*Bembidion fellmanni Pterostichus mater
*Bembidion mckinleyi *Cymindis angularis
*Agonum consimile Ochthebius pedicularis
Amara alpina *Entomoscelis adonidis
*Pycnoglypta lurida
*Olophrum boreale
*Acidota guadrata
*Boreaphilus henningianus
*Boreaphilus nordenskioeldi
Oreodytes alpinus
*Colymbetes dolabratus
Dysticus lapponicus
Gyrinus opacus
*Helophorus sibiricus
*Helophorus glacialis
*Helophorus obscurellus
*Simplocaria metallica
*Hippodamia arctica

(Table 6.5) Limnological characteristics of Hawes Water

Hawes Water
Dimensions ∼400 x 225 metres
Elevation 8 metres above sea level; distance to sea ∼5 kilometres
Water depth Marl shelf ∼1.2 metres; maximum ∼12 metres
Lake volume ∼390 000 cubic metres
Water supply Direct precipitation (∼1350 mm/a), spring, groundwater
Water temperature Surface water 5–18°C; deep water –5–8°C
Catchment area 1.77 km2
Residence time 2–6 months?
Carbonate precipitation Seasonal Biogenic (skeletal): gastropods, bivalves, ostracods, Chara Biologically mediated (plants/microbial)
Sediment record 'Marl': (bio)micrite, clay, peat, gyttja

(Table 7.2) The locations and lithologies of the main tors in Britain (compiled from various sources, including Goudie and Piggott (1981) and Ballantyne and Harris (1994)).

Area Lithology References
1. England
Isles of Scilly Granite Scourse (1987)
Dartmoor (South-west England) Granite Linton (1955);  Palmer and Neilson (1962);  Eden and Green (1971);  Gerrard (1974, 1978, 1988)
Exmoor (South-west England) Sandstone Mottershead (1967)
Weald (South-east England) Sandstone Robinson and Williams (1976)
Charnwood Forest (Midlands) Granite, microdiorite and hornstone Ford (1967)
Tabular Hills (Yorkshire) Silicified grits Palmer (1956)
Derbyshire Dolomite Ford (1963, 1969)
Derbyshire Gritstone Palmer and Radley (1961); Linton (1964); Cunningham (1964, 1965)
Stiperstones (Shropshire) Quartzite Goudie and Piggott (1981); Clark (1994a)
Cheviot Hills Granite Common (1954); Douglas and Harrison (1985)
2. Wales
Central Wales Igneous rocks, grits Potts (1971)
Pembrokeshire Rhyolite Linton (1955)
Preseli Hills Dolerite Linton (1955)
3. Scotland
Cairngorm Mountains Granite Linton (1949, 1955); King (1968); Ballantyne (1994)
North-east Scotland Granite Linton (1955)
Ochil Hills Andesite Linton (1955)
Ben Loyal (Sutherland) Syenite Linton (1955)
Caithness Sandstones and grits Linton (1955)
Trotternish, Skye Basalt Ballantyne (1990, 1991)

(Table 8.1) Radiocarbon dated pollen zone horizons at Scaleby Moss (after Godwin et al., 1957)

Sample number Depth related to pollen diagram B or C (cm) Pollen zonation Age (years BP)
Q172 67.0–69.0 B Zone VIIb base 5030 ± 119
Q171 69.0–71.0 B VIIa/VIIb boundary (Atlantic Sub-boreal/transition) 4975 ± 134
Q173 71.0–73.0 B Zone Vila top 5037 ± 122
Q166 174.5–176.5 B Zone VIIa base 6998 ± 131
Q165 176.5–178.S B VINIIa boundary (Boreal/Atlantic transition) 7475 ± c. 350
Q167 178.5–180.5 B Zone VI top 7404 ± 146
Q161 −0.5–1.5 C Zone VI base (V/VI boundary) 9052 ± 194
Q162 3.5–5.5 C Zone V fop 8859 ± 192
Q155 44.5–46.5 C Zone V base 9790 ± 183
Q154 46.5–48.5 C N/V boundary (Pre-boreal/Boreal transition) 9607 ± 209
Q152 69.5–71.5 C Zone N base 10 203 ± 193
Q151 71.5–73.5 C III/TV boundary (Post-glacial/Late-glacial transition) 10 307 ± c. 350
Q153 73.5–75.5 C Zone III top 10 368 ± 215
Q144 109.5–111.5 C Zone III base 10 878 ± 185
Q147 123.0–125.0 C Zone II top I combined [with Q148] 10 748 ± 207
Q148 125.0–127.0 C Zone II top — [see Q147 age]

(Table 8.3) Stratigraphy at Valley Bog (after Chambers, 1978)

Depth (cm) Stratigraphy
0–50 Not sampled
50–75 Sedge peat of low humification (H4) with some Calluna remains
75–100 Sedge peat of low humification-(H3) with some Calluna
100–150 Sedge peat of low humification (H4) with abundant pieces of Calluna
150–200 Slightly muddy sedge peat of medium humification (H5–6) with Calluna
200–250 Slightly muddy sedge peat of low humification (H3–4) with Betula wood
250–290 Slightly muddy sedge peat of low humification (H5–6) with less Betula
290–525 Slightly muddy sedge peat of low humification (HS-6) with abundant pieces of Betula wood
525–580 Bryophyte peat of low humification (H3) composed mainly of Paludella squarrosa together with some
Eriophorum sedge remains
580–600 Sedge peat of low humification (H3–4) with some Eriophorum

(Table 8.4) Stratigraphy at TSI, Red Sike Moss (after Turner et al., 1973)

Depth (cm) Description
0–12 Dark brown crumbly Calluna peat with some Eriophorum remains, Juncus seeds, megaspores of Selaginella selaginoides with Carex seeds
12–25 Light brown, Calluna–Eriophorum peat containing remains of sedges and megaspores of Selaginella
25–40 Dark brown peat containing burnt Calluna stems
40–112 Dry, moderately humified, light brown Phragmites peat with burnt Calluna stems, seeds of Carex sp. and Menyanthes trifoliata and megaspores of Selaginella
112–135 Light brown Phragmites peat containing twigs of Betula, leaves and seeds of B. nana, seeds of Menyanthes and Carex sp., a single seed of Lychnis flos-cuculi, Chara oospores and megaspores of Selaginella
135–143 Phragmites peat with a few Betula fragments and seeds of Carex sp., Carduus cirsium sp., Viola sp. and Lychnis flos-cuculi and megaspores of Selaginella

(Table 8.6) PIC dates from TSI, Red Sike Moss. They were dated at the Gakushuin laboratory (Japan) and the dates were based on the Libby half-life of 5570 ± 30 years (after Turner et al., 1973)

Laboratory code Depth (cm) Pollen horizon Age, in radiocarbon years BP (before 1950)
GaK-2027 14 Rise in Gramineae Callum and Plantago; beginning of zone G 2570 ± 80
GaK-2028 44 Beginning of zone A 3390 ± 90
GaK-2029 70 Beginning of subzone Oc 6150 ± 160
GaK-2030 120 End of zone H 8250 ± 280
GaK-2031 135 End of zone J 9900 ± 190

(Table 8.8) Stratigraphy at Mere Sands Wood (after Baxter, 1983; Tooley, 1985; Wilson, 1985; Bateman, 1995).

Unit Depth (cm) Lithology
9 0–90 Mere Sands (Wilson, 1985)
8 90–98 Sandy substantia humosa
7 98–105 Fine detrital mud
6 105–139 Turfa herbaceae
5 139–140 Turfa menyanthis
4 140–141 Fine detrital mud
3 141–157 Fine–sandy detrital mud and Turfa herbaceae
2 157–160 Fine detrital mud and Turfa herbaceae
1 160–Locally up to 5 metres thick Shirdley Hill Formation: loose fine to medium moderately to moderately well sorted sands displaying weak cross-bedding and cryoturbation structures

(Table 8.9) Generalized stratigraphy of Old Mere, Hornsea (source: Beckett, 1981)

Depth in core (cm) Description
0.00–0.50 Made ground
0.50–1.40 Sandy clay
1.40–1.75 Clayey detritus mud with organic matter
1.75–9.30 Fine detritus mud with no recognizable plant material
9.30–12.30 Silty clay with occasional organic matter
12.30–12.60 Clayey fine detritus mus with some silt
12.60–13.80 Gravelly clay

(Table 8.10) Peat stratigraphy at Fen Bogs, North York Moors (after Atherden, 1976a; Chiverrell, 1998).

Bed Depth (cm) Environment Stratigraphy
1 0–140 Ombrogenous mire Poorly humified Sphagnum and Monocotyledonous peat
2 0–140 Ombrogenous mire Well-humified Monocotyledonous peat
3 140–600 Phragmites reed-swamp Well-humified Phragmites australis peat, with occasional other mire plant remains (Eriophorum spp., Ericaceae and Sphagnum)
Partially wooded Well-humified Phragmites peat, with occasional
600–820 Phragmites reed-swamp wood remains (Betula, Alnus and Salix)
Well-humified wood peat, with Betula, Salix and
4 820–920 Fen/Carr woodland mire occasional Phragmites remains
5 920–960 Mire inception Well-humified peat rich with inorganic material
6 960– Periglacial valley Blue-grey clay solifluction deposits

(Table 8.11) Characteristic pollen taxa of the 16 pollen assemblage zones and subzones from Thorpe Bulmer (Bartley et al., 1976).

Phase Major taxa Lesser taxa
TBIXc Gramineae, Cyperaceae Plantago lanceolata, Ericaceae
TBIXb Gramineae, Taraxacum, Plantago lanceolata, P. majormedia Alnus, Cyperaceae
TBIXa Alnus, Gramineae, Cannabis Plantago lanceolata
TBVIII Corylus Quercus, Alnus
TBVII Corylus Betula
TBVI Betula Salix, Filipendula
TBVb Betula, Filipendula, Salix Juniperus, Empetrum
TBVa Gramineae, Empetrum Cyperaceae, Betula, Galium
TBIVc Cyperaceae, Thalictrum Gramineae, Ranunculus, Artemisia
TBIVb Cyperaceae, Gramineae Thalictrum, Artemisia, Caryophyllaceae
TBIVa Cyperaceae, Gramineae Rumex, Caryophyllaceae
TBIIIc Betula, Filipendula Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Empetrum
TBIllb Gramineae, Cyperaceae Betula, Juniperus, Filipendula
TBIIIa Betula, Empetrum Juniperus, Filipendula
TBII Juniperus Helianthemum, Cyperaceae, Gramineae
TBI Cyperaceae, Gramineae Betula nana, Salix, Juniperus, Ruderals

(Table 8.12) Radiocarbon determinations from Lindow Moss (data from Ambers et al., 1986; Gowlett et al., 1986; Otlet et al., 1986; Housley et al., 1995; Leah et al., 1997)

Laboratory reference Sample type 14C age (years BP; ±1σ)reference
Lindow I
OxA-114 Collagen from bone 1740 ± 80
Lindow II (Lindow man)
OxA-531 Amino acids from hair 1920 ± 20
OxA-604 Amino acids from bone 1850 ± 80
Ox.A-605 Amino acids from soft tissue 2125 ± 80
OxA-781 Standard amino acids 1940 ± 80
OxA-782 Pre-bleach amino acids 1950 ± 80
OxA-783 Hyroxyproline 1920 ± 80
03(A-784 Standard amino acids 1900 ± 80
OxA-785 Proline 1900 ± 80
OxA-786 Collagen, Oxford preparation 1800 ± 80
OxA-787 Collagen, Harwell preparation 1870 ± 80
03(A-788 Collagen, Harwell preparation 1870 ± 80
OxA-789 Humic (standard amino acids) 2190 ± 100
OxA-790 Humic (bleach) 1970 ± 80
OxA-1040 Stomach contents 1910 ± 60
OxA-1041 Humic from stomach contents 2210 ± 60
HAR-6224 Wrist bone 2420 ± 100
HAR-6235a Leg bone 1540 ± 100
HAR-6235b Leg bone 1650 ± 80
HAR-6491 Skin 1550 ± 70
HAR-6492 Rib bone 1625 ± 80
HAR-6493 Skin and hair 1530 ± 110
HAR-6856a Vertebra 1480 ± 90
HAR-6856b Vertebra 1610 ± 80
Lindow III
Bone (P2255)
OxA-1S17 Amino acids from unbleached collagen 1740 ± 90
OxA-1518 Amino acids from bleached collagen 1750 ± 90
HAR-9094 Unbleached collagen 2010 ± 80
Skin (P2256)
OxA-1519 Amino acids from unbleached collagen 1850 ± 90
OxA-1520 Amino acids from bleached collagen 1700 ± 120
HAR-9092 Unbleached collagen 1880 ± 80
Skin (P2257)
OxA-1521 Amino acids from unbleached collagen 1890 ± 100
0xA-1522 Amino acids from bleached collagen 1760 ± 150
Bone (P2258)
OxA-152.3 Amino acids from unbleached collagen 2000 ± 100
OxA-1524 Amino acids from bleached collagen 2040 ± 90
HAR-9093 Unbleached collagen 1860 ± 70
UB-3237 Peat 20–22 cm depth 1488 ± 44
UB-3238 Peat 55–57 cm depth 1764 ± 48
HAR-6521 Peat between right arm and head 2300 ± 70
HAR-6562 Peat monolith 125 0–3 cm 2290 ± 90
HAR-6565 Peat, upper body contact (LII) 2280 ± 70
UB-3239 Peat 117–119 cm depth 2345 ± 45
BM-2398 Peat, underside of arm (LII) htunin 2590 ± 170
BM-2399 Peat, underside of arm (LII) humic 2470 ± 250
BM-2400 Peat below recurrence surface humin 2450 ± 80
BM-2401 Peat below recurrence surface humic 2400 ± 80
UB-3240 Peat 119–121 cm depth 2447 ± 43
UB-3241 Peat 188–190 cm depth 3724 ± 55
HAR-8875 Charcoal-rich soil 4980 ± 70
GU-5562 Peat 4060 ± 70
GU-5566 Peat 7780 ± 70

(Table 8.13) Stratigraphy and pollen analyses from Wybunbury Moss (compiled from data in Poore and Walker, 1959)

Depth (metres) Description Dominant pollen
0.00–0.50 Unconsolidated peat Sphagnum
0.50–0.75 Sphagnum peat Sphagnum
0.75–1.26 Sphagnum pool peat Sphagnum, Calluna, Gramineae, Alnus, Quercus
1.26–1.50 Sphagnum peat with rootlets Sphagnum, Quercus
1.50–2.77 Sphagnum peat Sphagnum, Quercus
2.77–3.20 Sphagnum pool peat with rare Oxycoccus Sphagnum, Quercus, Betula
3.20–3.50 Sphagnum peat with Calluna fragments Sphagnum, Quercus, Betula
3.50–6.50 Sphagnum cuspidatum peat with Oxycoccus and rare Eriophorum vaginatum Cyperaceae, Corylus
6.50–8.80 Coarse detritus mud with Phragmites, Carex and Menyanthes remains; Pinus bark at 7.35 metres Pinus, Corylus
8.80–8.90 Wood fragments Pinus, Corylus
8.90–9.50 Hypnum mud with Carex and Menyanthes remains Pinus, Corylus
9.50–10.00 Woody coarse detritus mud Pinus, Corylus
10.00–10.20 Liquid mud
10.20–10.40 Woody coarse detritus mud Pinus, Corylus, Betula, Cyperaceae
10.40–10.46 Clay mud Pinus, Corylus, Betula, Cyperaceae
10.46–10.50 Grey clay Pinus, Corylus, Betula

(Table 8.14) Comparison of the timing of wet shifts from Bolton Fell Moss and Walton Moss (data from Hughes et al., 2000). All ages are approximate and are years BP

Bolton Fell Moss Bolton Fell Moss Bolton Fell Moss Bolton Fell Moss
(Barber, 1981) (Stoneman, 1993) (core BFMJ)(Barber et al., 1994b) (core WLM11)
c. 200 c. 100
c. 500 c. 350 c. 300–350
c. 1000 c. 1300 c. 1450
c. 1650–1750
c. 2400 c. 1900–2200 c. 2100 to 2040–2320
c. 3100 c. 2650–2900 c. 2600 to 2680–3170
c. 3550 c. 3300–3600 c. 3500
c. 4000–4350 c. 3800 to 3990–4410
c. 4900–5300
c. 6800–7800

(Table 8.15) Stratigraphy for WH19 (data from Horton et al., 1999c)

Unit Depth (cm) Description
12 0–4 Limus with herbaceous roots
11 4–10 Silty limos
10 10–14 Fine limus
9 - 14–22 Coarse limus with Phragmites
8 22–24 Fine limus with Phragmites
7 24–51 Blue-grey silty clay
6 51–55 Coarse limos
5 55–58 Silty limos
4 58–59 Sand
3 59–63 Limus with herbaceous roots
2 63–75 Silty limus
1 75+ Stiff clay

(Table 8.16) Stratigraphy for HB4 (data from Horton et al., 1999c)

Unit Depth (cm) Description
10 0–17 Slightly organic clayey silt
9 17–40 Silty-clayey limos with some Phragmites
8 40–45 Laminated light grey-brown silty clay with some limus and Phragmites
7 45–58 Slightly clayey limus with herbaceous detritus and Phragmites
6 58–66 Woody detrital peat with limus and Phragmites
5 66–71 Dark brown limus with charcoal fragments and herbaceous detritus
4 71–76 Light grey, slightly organic silty clay with charcoal and some herbaceous detritus
3 76–79 Minero-organic sandy silt with plant rootlets and charcoal
2 79–82 Very sandy clay with some herbaceous rootlets
1 82+ Sandy blue clay with pebbles

(Table 8.17) Marine transgressions in the Fylde (after Tooley 1978a).

Transgression Time limits (radiocarbon years BP)
Lytham I 9270–8575
Lytham II 8390–7800
Lytham III 7605–7200
Lytham IV 6710–6157
Lytham V 5947–5775
Lytham VI 5570–4897
Lytham VII 3700–3150
Lytham VIII 3090–2270
Lytham IX 1795–1370
Lytham X c. 817

(Table 8.18) Radiocarbon dates from the New Cut (after Huddart, 1992; Middleton et al., 2001).

Site name Coordinates Grid reference Material dated (after Troels-Smith, 1955) Palaeoenvironment represented Stratigraphical position of sample Laboratory code 14C date (years BP ±σ) Height of top of sample (metres OD) Thickness of sample (metres) Depth of top of sample from ground surface (centimetres) Interpretation
New Cut-A 55°33'39"N 03°01'05"W [SD 3260 0762] Sh4, Th(Phra)2 + Th(Cladii)2 + Humous substance with Cladium and Phragmites Saltmarsh to reedswamps Silt overlaid by organic stratum Hv.12540 6870 ± 235 +0.52 0.02 134 Regressive overlap
New Cut-A 55°33'39"N 03°01'05"W [SD 3260 0762] Sh4, Th(Phra)2 + Humous substance with Phragmites Reedswamps to saltmarsh Organic stratum overlaid by silty clay Hv.12539 6840 ± 95 +0.99 0.02 87 Transgressive overlap
New Cut-F 53°33'47.5N 03°00'42'W [SD 3304 0787] Ld33, Th(Phra)21 Laminated limus with Phragmites Saltmarsh to reedswamps Silt overlaid by organic stratum Hv.12537 7015 ± 90 –0.20 0.02 180 Regressive overlap
New Cut-F 53°33'47.5"N 03°00'42'"W [SD 3304 0787] Ld34, Th3 + Laminated limus Reedswamps to saltmarsh Organic stratum overlaid by clayey silt Hy.12538 7435 ± 300 +0.16 0.02 144 Transgressive overlap
New Cut Th2(Phra)3, Sh1, Dl+ Dh++  Phragmites turfa Gu-7229 5670 ± 70 +0.73
New Cut Dh3, Shl, Ag+ Dl+ Th(Phra)1+ Woody detritus Gu-7230 5810 ± 80 +0.60
New Cut Th2(Phra)3, Sh1, Ag+ Dh++ Phragmites turfa Gu-7231 6610 ± 80 –0.19

(Table 8.19) Radiocarbon dates associated with the Hightown stratigraphy illustrated in (Figure 8.115).

Sample number Laboratory number Date (years BP) Description
56.01 Beta-119011 1180 ± 50 Silver birch tree growing in organic sand
56.02 Beta-119012 4270 ± 60 Silver birch bark from the top of the peat bed
56.03 Beta-119013 4310 ± 50 Osmunda regalis (Royal fern) stems from the top of the peat bed
49.01 Beta-119007 4750 ± 80 Intermittent thin band of Phragmites peat covering the trackway
49.13 Beta-119009 4430 ± 80 Wooden peg into the trackway
49.16 Beta-119010 4910 ± 60 Part of lowest trackway resting on blue clay
49.11 Beta-119008 5080 ± 60 Part of wooden trackway

(Table 8.20) Tree and shrub species and the type of fossil remains at Hightown (from Travis, 1926).

Species Type of remains
Pinus sylvestris Bark, wood
Pinus sp. Pollen
Myrica gale Cones, seeds and leaves
Quercus sp. Bark, wood, acorns, pollen
Betula sp. Bark, wood, pollen
Alnus glutinosa Cones, seeds
Corylus avellana Wood, nuts, pollen
Tilia europaea Pollen
Salix cinerea Leaves
Salix aurita Leaves
Salix sp. Pollen, wood
Ilex aquifolium Leaves

References