Huddart, D. & Glasser, N.F. 2007. Quaternary of Northern England. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 25, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 1 86107 490 5.

The original source material for these web pages has been made available by the JNCC under the Open Government Licence 3.0. Full details in the JNCC Open Data Policy

Tables

(Table 1.1) Quaternary of northern England: tor evolution network

Site name	GCR selection criteria
Great Almscliff Crag, North Yorkshire	Representative of Pennine tors developed on Millstone Grit; within the Dimlington Stadial ice limit
Burbage Brook, High Peak	Representative of Pennine tors developed on Millstone Grit; demonstrates relationship between tors, geological structure and slope evolution
Brimham Rocks, North Yorkshire	Representative of Pennine scarp-edge ton developed on Millstone Grit
Wyns Tor, High Peak	Representative of Pennine tors developed on dolomitized limestone; evidence for a former weathering cover surrounding tor
Bridestones, North Yorkshire	Representative of North York Moors tors developed on limestone
Blackstone Edge, Greater Manchester	Representative of the Pennine weathering cover (Millstone Grit grus); demonstrates that the majority of weathering is mechanical in origin
Stiperstones, Shropshire	Representative of quartzite tors developed adjacent to Dimlington Stadial ice limit; demonstrates association with periglacial landforms and sediments
Cheviot Tors, Northumberland	Representative of tors developed in andesite and granite; demonstrates relationship with deeply weathered bedrock and glacial landforms and sediments

(Table 2.2) Relationships between the British Quaternary stratigraphical classification (after Mitchell et al., 1973), selected lithostratigraphical units, oxygen isotope stratigraphy and polarity (from Bowen, 1999).

1st Edition (1973)	Lithostratigraphy	Aminozone	D-alle/L-Ile^$	Age (ka)†	δ¹⁸O and polarity
	Hailing Member	Hailing	0.036 ± 0.01 (3)	10.9 ± 0.12 (¹⁴C)	2
Devensian	Stockport Formation δ Upton Warren Member	Upton Warren	0.07 ± 0.007 (3)		3
	Cassington Member	Cassington	0.08 ± 0.009 (6)	~80 (OSL)	5a
Ipswichian	Trafalgar Square Member	Trafalgar Square	0.1 ± 0.001 (11)	124 ± 5.4 (U)	5e
	Ridgacre Formation Δ Kidderminster Member			159.5 ± 13 (36Cl)	6
Wolstonian	Strensham Court Bed	Strensham	0.17 ± 0.01 (4)	~200 (OSL)*	7
	Rushley Green Member				8
	Hoxne Formation	Hoxne	0.26 ± 0.02 (9)	319 ± 38 (ESR)	9
Hoxnian	Spring Hill Member				10
	Swanscombe Member	Swanscombe	0.3 ± 0.017 (34)	~400 (U)* 471 ± 15 (TL)*	11
Anglian	Lowestoft Formation A				12
	West Runton Member	West Runton	0.35 ± 0.01 (9)	~500 (ESR)	13
Cromerian	Waverley Wood Member	Waverley Wood	0.38 ± 0.026 (5)		15
	Kenn Formation Δ				16
	Grace Formation ‡	Grace	0.43 ± 0.02 (4)	810 ± 140 (ESR)	21
	$ Number of analyses in parentheses † Age estimate – method in parentheses * Age established at another locality of the aminozone Δ Glacial formation ‡ Somme Valley, France

(Table 2.3) Proposed climatostratigraphical stages in Britain (after Mitchell et al., 1973).

Stage	Stratotype	Notes
Flandrian		Begins 10 ka (¹⁴C); base at bottom of pollen zone IV
Devensian	Four Ashes, Staffordshire [SJ 914 082]	Late: 26–10 ka (¹⁴C)
		Middle: 50–26 ka (¹⁴C): includes Upton Warren interstadial complex
		Early: preceding 50 ka (¹⁴C): includes Chelford interstadial ~60 ka (¹⁴C)
Ipswichian	Bobbitshole, Ipswich [TM 148 414]	Base at beginning of pollen zone II
Wolstonian	Wolston, Warwickshire [SP 411 748]	Includes Baginton–Lillington gravels, Baginton sand, Wolston series,
		Dunsmore gravels; base at bottom of Baginton–Lillington gravels
Hoxnian	Hoxne, Suffolk [TM 543 977]	Base at beginning of pollen zone HI
Anglian	Corton Cliff, Suffolk [TM 543 977]	Lowestoft Till, Corton Sands, Norwich Brickearth/Cromer Till; base at bottom of lower till
Cromerian	West Runton, Norfolk [TG 188 432]	Upper Freshwater Bed; base at bottom of pollen zone C1
Beestonian	Beeston, Norfolk [TG 169 433]	Arctic Freshwater Bed; base at bottom of pollen zone PI
Pastonian	Paston, Norfolk [TG 341 352]	Gravels, sands and silts; base at bottom of pollen zone BeI
Baventian	Easton Bavents, Suffolk [TM 518 787]	Marine silt; base at bottom of pollen zone L4
Antian	Ludham, Norfolk (borehole at [TG 385 199])	Marine shelly sand; base at bottom of pollen zone L3 (forams: Lv)
Thurman		Marine silt: base at bottom of pollen zone L2 (forams: Lm)
Ludhamian		Shelly sand: base at bottom of pollen zone L1 (forams: Ll)
Waltonian	Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex [TM 267 237]	Older Red Crag; base at bottom of Crag at Walton

(Table 4.4) Shell list from the Easington raised beach (based on Woolacott, 1920, 1922).

Species
Littorina littorea	common
Littorina obtusata	common
Littorina rudis
Patella vulgata	common
Nucella lapillus
Cliona sp.
Polydora sp.
Saxicava sp.
Buccinum undatum
Arctica islandica
Mytilus edulis
Pecten sp.
Rhynchonella psittacea
Helix sp.

(Table 4.5) Faunal list for the Speeton Shell Bed (after Lamplugh, 1881c; Thistlewood and Whyte, 1993).

Psammobia sp.

Mactra sp.

Cerastoderma edule (L.)

Tellina balthica

Cardium edule

Macoma balthica (L.)

Scrobicularia plan (da Costa)

Scrobicularia piperata

Littorina littorea (L.)

L. rudis

Hydrobia (Peringia or Sabanaea) ulnae

(Pennant)

Retusa obtusa (Montagu) var. pretenuis

Mytilus edulis (L.)

Utriculus obtusus

Littorina saxatilis (Olivi)

Littorina littoralis (L.)

Balanus crenatus echinoid spines

(Table 4.6) Amino acid (D/L) ratios of Macoma balthica from the Speeton Shell Bed (from Wilson, 1991).

Collection date	Laboratory identification	D/L ratio	Mean
1966	A	0.172	0.178 ± 0.005
(L.F. Penny)	B	0.173
	C	0.182
	D	0.184
1988	50 cm*	0.154	0.203 ± 0.035
	1.20 cm*	0.224
	1.60 cm*	0.230
*Depth collected from top of shell bed

(Table 4.7) Pollen of the Speeton Shell Bed (from West, 1969).

Arboreal pollen	Non-arboreal pollen
Betula	Corylus
Pinus	Gramineae
Ulm us	Cyperaceae
Quercus	Compositae (Ligulatae)
Carpinus	Filipendula
Picea	Plantago maritima
	Umbelliferae
	Sparganium-type
	Filicales

(Table 4.8) Correlation of post-Hoxnian events, amino acid ratios and oxygen isotope stages (after Wymer, 1985; Bowen and Sykes, 1988).

Age (ka BP)	Oxygen isotope stage	D/L ratio (Macoma)	Stage
	2		Dimlington
24	3	0.085
59	4
71	5a–d
122	5e	0.16	Ipswichian
128	6		Wolstonian 3
186	7	0.2	Ilfordian
245	8
303	9	0.29	Hoxnian

(Table 4.9) Faunal list for the Sewerby sedimentary units (after Lamplugh, 1891b; Boylan, 1967; Catt, 1987c).

	Ipswichian beach gravel	Colluvium	Aeolian dune sand
Mammalia
Crocuta crocuta (hyaena)	•		•
Ursus (bear)		•
Palaeoloxodon antiquus (straight-tusked elephant)			•
Didermoceros hemitoechus (narrow-nosed rhinoceras)	•		•
Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus)	•
Megaloceros giganteus (giant deer)		•
Bison cf. Priscus (bison)	•	•	•
Arvicola terrestris (water vole)		•
Mollusca
Littorina littorea L.	•
Ostrea edulis L.	•
Mytilus edulis L.	•
Purpura lapillus L.	•
Pholas sp.	•
Saxicava sp.	•
Helix hispida L.		•
Helix pulchella Mull		•
Pupa marginata Drap.		•
Zua subcyclindrica L.		•

(Table 5.1) The mammalian fauna from the Pin Hole Mammalian Zone, Lower Cave Earth, Pin Hole Cave, Cresswell, Derbyshire (after Currant and Jacobi, 2001).

Homo species	artefacts
Lepus timidus	mountain hare
Spermophilus major	red-cheeked suslik
Canis lupis	wolf
Vulpes vulpes	red fox
Ursus arctos	brown bear
Mustela erminea	stoat
Mustela putorius	polecat
Crocuta crocuta	spotted hyaena
Panthera leo	lion
Mammathus primigenius	woolly mammoth
Equus ferus	wild horse
Coelodonta antiquitatis	woolly rhinoceros
Megaloceros giganteus	giant deer
Rangifer tarandus	reindeer
Bison priscus	bison

(Table 5.2) Radiocarbon dates (years BP) on spotted hyaena remains from the Cresswell area, Derbyshire (after Currant and Jacobi, 2001)

Robin Hood Cave	OxA-6115	22 800	± 240
Robin Hood Cave	OxA-6114	22 980	± 480
Church Hole	OxA-5800	24 000	± 260
Ash Tree Cave	OxA-5798	25 660	± 380
Church Hole	OxA-5799	26 840	± 420
West Pin Hole (Dog Hole)	OxA-5803	29 300	± 420
Robin Hood Cave	OxA-5802	31 050	± 500
Pin Hole	OxA-1206	32 200	± 1000
Robin Hood Cave	OxA-5801	33 450	± 700
Pin Hole	OxA-1207	34 500	± 1200
Pin Hole	OxA-4754	37 800	± 1600
Pin Hole	OxA-1448	42 200	± 3000

(Table 5.3) Coleoptera from the Chelford Formation (data from Coope, 1959).

Family	Number of species
Carabidae	30
Dytiscidae	12
Hydrophilidae	4
Silphidae	3
Leiodidae	1
Staphilinidae	13
Elateridae	8
Helodidae	1
Byrrhidae	4
Coccinellidae	2
Scarabaeidae	2
Cerambycidae	1
Chrysomelidae	7
Curculionidae	10
Scolytidae	2

(Table 5.5) The flora and fauna of the Dimlington Silts.

Coleoptera

Agabus bipustulatus L.

Aleocharinae indet.

Amara alpina Paykull

Amara quenseli Sch.

Aphodius sp.

Arpedium brachypterum Gr.

Bembidion sp. (lunatum group)

Bledius fuscipes Rye

Byrrhus sp.

Cercyon sp.

Feronia blandulus Mill.

Hydrobius sp.

Notaris aethiops F.

Ostracoda

Candona neglecta Sars

Cypridopsis vidua (Mull.)

Cyprinotus salinus (Brady)

Eucypris gemella Bodina

Ilocypyris gibba (Ramdohr)

Plants

Daphnia ephippia

Eleocharis palustris (L.)

Menyanthes trifoliata (L.)

Pohlia wahlenbergii (Web. & Mohr) glacialis (Schleich.)

Potamogeton alpinus Potamogeton filiformis

Trees

Pinus (sparse pollen)

Betula (sparse pollen)

(Table 6.3) Stratigraphy at Gransmoor (after Walker et al., 1993)

Lithological unit	Depth (cm)	Description
16	0–17/23	Fibrous peat; boundary is sharp but irregular, suggesting a possible hiatus. Blocks of reworked Late-Glacial clay occur within the Holocene peats.
15	17/23–37	Clay with sand laminae; laterally and vertically variable.
14	37–41	Angular and rounded chalk fragments.
13	41–88	Grey plastic day; clearly defined sand laminations at 49,74,82 and 89 cm.
12	90–112	Clay unit with abundant sandy laminations, varying from a few millimetres to 1 cm in thickness. Each lamination continuous and of uniform thickness.
11	112–115	Grey plastic day with small (<1 cm) pellets of chalk; latter appear flattened m the horizontal plane.
10	115–120	Silt/clay; black 'felted' peat layer at 120 cm
9	120–146	Laminated silt/clay with intercalations of 'felted' peat/plant debris.
8	146–147	Plastic grey clay.
7	147–172	Organic mud, but with clearly defined mineral/organic laminations in upper levels. Organic component variable, but maximum organic carbon values (~30%) towards the base of the unit. Bands of compressed plant debris occur in these lower levels.
6	172–187	Grey/brown silt/clay. Slightly organic (10% or less) throughout, but clearly defined clay-rich sub-unit from 174–178 cm; fibrous root material abundant.
5	187–203	Clay gyttja; organic content exceeds 20%, with maximum values (33%) near base of unit.
4	203–207	Transitional unit with intercalations of organic mud and grey silt/clay.
3	207–223	Clay marl with intermittent small (<2 cm) pellets of chalk; slightly organic (<10%) throughout.
2	223–235	Sand and clay laminae (up to 1 cm in thickness); some fine rootlet casts in the upper part.
1	Below 235	Sands and silts with intermittent horizons rich in gravel-sized particles of coal and occasional discrete lenses of slightly organic silt.

(Table 6.4) List of climatically significant Coleoptera species from the Gransmoor stratigraphy (from Walker et al., 1993).

Cold-adapted species	Warmth-adapted species
Nebria nivalis	*Bembidion grisvardi
*Diacheila arctica	Bembidion humerale
*Diacheila polita	Bembidion quadripustulatus
Elaphrus lapponicus	Bembidion octomaculatum
*Bembidion fellmanni	Pterostichus mater
*Bembidion mckinleyi	*Cymindis angularis
*Agonum consimile	Ochthebius pedicularis
Amara alpina	*Entomoscelis adonidis
*Pycnoglypta lurida
*Olophrum boreale
*Acidota guadrata
*Boreaphilus henningianus
*Boreaphilus nordenskioeldi
Oreodytes alpinus
*Colymbetes dolabratus
Dysticus lapponicus
Gyrinus opacus
*Helophorus sibiricus
*Helophorus glacialis
*Helophorus obscurellus
*Simplocaria metallica
*Hippodamia arctica

(Table 6.5) Limnological characteristics of Hawes Water

Hawes Water
Dimensions	∼400 x 225 metres
Elevation	8 metres above sea level; distance to sea ∼5 kilometres
Water depth	Marl shelf ∼1.2 metres; maximum ∼12 metres
Lake volume	∼390 000 cubic metres
Water supply	Direct precipitation (∼1350 mm/a), spring, groundwater
Water temperature	Surface water 5–18°C; deep water –5–8°C
Catchment area	1.77 km²
Residence time	2–6 months?
Carbonate precipitation	Seasonal Biogenic (skeletal): gastropods, bivalves, ostracods, Chara Biologically mediated (plants/microbial)
Sediment record	'Marl': (bio)micrite, clay, peat, gyttja

(Table 7.2) The locations and lithologies of the main tors in Britain (compiled from various sources, including Goudie and Piggott (1981) and Ballantyne and Harris (1994)).

Area	Lithology	References
1. England
Isles of Scilly	Granite	Scourse (1987)
Dartmoor (South-west England)	Granite	Linton (1955); Palmer and Neilson (1962); Eden and Green (1971); Gerrard (1974, 1978, 1988)
Exmoor (South-west England)	Sandstone	Mottershead (1967)
Weald (South-east England)	Sandstone	Robinson and Williams (1976)
Charnwood Forest (Midlands)	Granite, microdiorite and hornstone	Ford (1967)
Tabular Hills (Yorkshire)	Silicified grits	Palmer (1956)
Derbyshire	Dolomite	Ford (1963, 1969)
Derbyshire	Gritstone	Palmer and Radley (1961); Linton (1964); Cunningham (1964, 1965)
Stiperstones (Shropshire)	Quartzite	Goudie and Piggott (1981); Clark (1994a)
Cheviot Hills	Granite	Common (1954); Douglas and Harrison (1985)
2. Wales
Central Wales	Igneous rocks, grits	Potts (1971)
Pembrokeshire	Rhyolite	Linton (1955)
Preseli Hills	Dolerite	Linton (1955)
3. Scotland
Cairngorm Mountains	Granite	Linton (1949, 1955); King (1968); Ballantyne (1994)
North-east Scotland	Granite	Linton (1955)
Ochil Hills	Andesite	Linton (1955)
Ben Loyal (Sutherland)	Syenite	Linton (1955)
Caithness	Sandstones and grits	Linton (1955)
Trotternish, Skye	Basalt	Ballantyne (1990, 1991)

(Table 8.1) Radiocarbon dated pollen zone horizons at Scaleby Moss (after Godwin et al., 1957)

Sample number	Depth related to pollen diagram B or C (cm)	Pollen zonation	Age (years BP)
Q172	67.0–69.0 B	Zone VIIb base	5030 ± 119
Q171	69.0–71.0 B	VIIa/VIIb boundary (Atlantic Sub-boreal/transition)	4975 ± 134
Q173	71.0–73.0 B	Zone Vila top	5037 ± 122
Q166	174.5–176.5 B	Zone VIIa base	6998 ± 131
Q165	176.5–178.S B	VINIIa boundary (Boreal/Atlantic transition)	7475 ± c. 350
Q167	178.5–180.5 B	Zone VI top	7404 ± 146
Q161	−0.5–1.5 C	Zone VI base (V/VI boundary)	9052 ± 194
Q162	3.5–5.5 C	Zone V fop	8859 ± 192
Q155	44.5–46.5 C	Zone V base	9790 ± 183
Q154	46.5–48.5 C	N/V boundary (Pre-boreal/Boreal transition)	9607 ± 209
Q152	69.5–71.5 C	Zone N base	10 203 ± 193
Q151	71.5–73.5 C	III/TV boundary (Post-glacial/Late-glacial transition)	10 307 ± c. 350
Q153	73.5–75.5 C	Zone III top	10 368 ± 215
Q144	109.5–111.5 C	Zone III base	10 878 ± 185
Q147	123.0–125.0 C	Zone II top I combined [with Q148]	10 748 ± 207
Q148	125.0–127.0 C	Zone II top — [see Q147 age]

(Table 8.3) Stratigraphy at Valley Bog (after Chambers, 1978)

Depth (cm)	Stratigraphy
0–50	Not sampled
50–75	Sedge peat of low humification (H4) with some Calluna remains
75–100	Sedge peat of low humification-(H3) with some Calluna
100–150	Sedge peat of low humification (H4) with abundant pieces of Calluna
150–200	Slightly muddy sedge peat of medium humification (H5–6) with Calluna
200–250	Slightly muddy sedge peat of low humification (H3–4) with Betula wood
250–290	Slightly muddy sedge peat of low humification (H5–6) with less Betula
290–525	Slightly muddy sedge peat of low humification (HS-6) with abundant pieces of Betula wood
525–580	Bryophyte peat of low humification (H3) composed mainly of Paludella squarrosa together with some
	Eriophorum sedge remains
580–600	Sedge peat of low humification (H3–4) with some Eriophorum

(Table 8.4) Stratigraphy at TSI, Red Sike Moss (after Turner et al., 1973)

Depth (cm)	Description
0–12	Dark brown crumbly Calluna peat with some Eriophorum remains, Juncus seeds, megaspores of Selaginella selaginoides with Carex seeds
12–25	Light brown, Calluna–Eriophorum peat containing remains of sedges and megaspores of Selaginella
25–40	Dark brown peat containing burnt Calluna stems
40–112	Dry, moderately humified, light brown Phragmites peat with burnt Calluna stems, seeds of Carex sp. and Menyanthes trifoliata and megaspores of Selaginella
112–135	Light brown Phragmites peat containing twigs of Betula, leaves and seeds of B. nana, seeds of Menyanthes and Carex sp., a single seed of Lychnis flos-cuculi, Chara oospores and megaspores of Selaginella
135–143	Phragmites peat with a few Betula fragments and seeds of Carex sp., Carduus cirsium sp., Viola sp. and Lychnis flos-cuculi and megaspores of Selaginella

(Table 8.6) PIC dates from TSI, Red Sike Moss. They were dated at the Gakushuin laboratory (Japan) and the dates were based on the Libby half-life of 5570 ± 30 years (after Turner et al., 1973)

Laboratory code	Depth (cm)	Pollen horizon	Age, in radiocarbon years BP (before 1950)
GaK-2027	14	Rise in Gramineae Callum and Plantago; beginning of zone G	2570 ± 80
GaK-2028	44	Beginning of zone A	3390 ± 90
GaK-2029	70	Beginning of subzone Oc	6150 ± 160
GaK-2030	120	End of zone H	8250 ± 280
GaK-2031	135	End of zone J	9900 ± 190

(Table 8.8) Stratigraphy at Mere Sands Wood (after Baxter, 1983; Tooley, 1985; Wilson, 1985; Bateman, 1995).

Unit	Depth (cm)	Lithology
9	0–90	Mere Sands (Wilson, 1985)
8	90–98	Sandy substantia humosa
7	98–105	Fine detrital mud
6	105–139	Turfa herbaceae
5	139–140	Turfa menyanthis
4	140–141	Fine detrital mud
3	141–157	Fine–sandy detrital mud and Turfa herbaceae
2	157–160	Fine detrital mud and Turfa herbaceae
1	160–Locally up to 5 metres thick	Shirdley Hill Formation: loose fine to medium moderately to moderately well sorted sands displaying weak cross-bedding and cryoturbation structures

(Table 8.9) Generalized stratigraphy of Old Mere, Hornsea (source: Beckett, 1981)

Depth in core (cm)	Description
0.00–0.50	Made ground
0.50–1.40	Sandy clay
1.40–1.75	Clayey detritus mud with organic matter
1.75–9.30	Fine detritus mud with no recognizable plant material
9.30–12.30	Silty clay with occasional organic matter
12.30–12.60	Clayey fine detritus mus with some silt
12.60–13.80	Gravelly clay

(Table 8.10) Peat stratigraphy at Fen Bogs, North York Moors (after Atherden, 1976a; Chiverrell, 1998).

Bed	Depth (cm)	Environment	Stratigraphy
1	0–140	Ombrogenous mire	Poorly humified Sphagnum and Monocotyledonous peat
2	0–140	Ombrogenous mire	Well-humified Monocotyledonous peat
3	140–600	Phragmites reed-swamp	Well-humified Phragmites australis peat, with occasional other mire plant remains (Eriophorum spp., Ericaceae and Sphagnum)
		Partially wooded	Well-humified Phragmites peat, with occasional
	600–820	Phragmites reed-swamp	wood remains (Betula, Alnus and Salix)
			Well-humified wood peat, with Betula, Salix and
4	820–920	Fen/Carr woodland mire	occasional Phragmites remains
5	920–960	Mire inception	Well-humified peat rich with inorganic material
6	960–	Periglacial valley	Blue-grey clay solifluction deposits

(Table 8.11) Characteristic pollen taxa of the 16 pollen assemblage zones and subzones from Thorpe Bulmer (Bartley et al., 1976).

Phase	Major taxa	Lesser taxa
TBIXc	Gramineae, Cyperaceae	Plantago lanceolata, Ericaceae
TBIXb	Gramineae, Taraxacum, Plantago lanceolata, P. majormedia	Alnus, Cyperaceae
TBIXa	Alnus, Gramineae, Cannabis	Plantago lanceolata
TBVIII	Corylus	Quercus, Alnus
TBVII	Corylus	Betula
TBVI	Betula	Salix, Filipendula
TBVb	Betula, Filipendula, Salix	Juniperus, Empetrum
TBVa	Gramineae, Empetrum	Cyperaceae, Betula, Galium
TBIVc	Cyperaceae, Thalictrum	Gramineae, Ranunculus, Artemisia
TBIVb	Cyperaceae, Gramineae	Thalictrum, Artemisia, Caryophyllaceae
TBIVa	Cyperaceae, Gramineae	Rumex, Caryophyllaceae
TBIIIc	Betula, Filipendula	Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Empetrum
TBIllb	Gramineae, Cyperaceae	Betula, Juniperus, Filipendula
TBIIIa	Betula, Empetrum	Juniperus, Filipendula
TBII	Juniperus	Helianthemum, Cyperaceae, Gramineae
TBI	Cyperaceae, Gramineae	Betula nana, Salix, Juniperus, Ruderals

(Table 8.12) Radiocarbon determinations from Lindow Moss (data from Ambers et al., 1986; Gowlett et al., 1986; Otlet et al., 1986; Housley et al., 1995; Leah et al., 1997)

Laboratory reference	Sample type	¹⁴C age (years BP; ±1σ)reference
Lindow I
OxA-114	Collagen from bone	1740 ± 80
Lindow II (Lindow man)
OxA-531	Amino acids from hair	1920 ± 20
OxA-604	Amino acids from bone	1850 ± 80
Ox.A-605	Amino acids from soft tissue	2125 ± 80
OxA-781	Standard amino acids	1940 ± 80
OxA-782	Pre-bleach amino acids	1950 ± 80
OxA-783	Hyroxyproline	1920 ± 80
03(A-784	Standard amino acids	1900 ± 80
OxA-785	Proline	1900 ± 80
OxA-786	Collagen, Oxford preparation	1800 ± 80
OxA-787	Collagen, Harwell preparation	1870 ± 80
03(A-788	Collagen, Harwell preparation	1870 ± 80
OxA-789	Humic (standard amino acids)	2190 ± 100
OxA-790	Humic (bleach)	1970 ± 80
OxA-1040	Stomach contents	1910 ± 60
OxA-1041	Humic from stomach contents	2210 ± 60
HAR-6224	Wrist bone	2420 ± 100
HAR-6235a	Leg bone	1540 ± 100
HAR-6235b	Leg bone	1650 ± 80
HAR-6491	Skin	1550 ± 70
HAR-6492	Rib bone	1625 ± 80
HAR-6493	Skin and hair	1530 ± 110
HAR-6856a	Vertebra	1480 ± 90
HAR-6856b	Vertebra	1610 ± 80
Lindow III
	Bone (P2255)
OxA-1S17	Amino acids from unbleached collagen	1740 ± 90
OxA-1518	Amino acids from bleached collagen	1750 ± 90
HAR-9094	Unbleached collagen	2010 ± 80

	Skin (P2256)
OxA-1519	Amino acids from unbleached collagen	1850 ± 90
OxA-1520	Amino acids from bleached collagen	1700 ± 120
HAR-9092	Unbleached collagen	1880 ± 80
	Skin (P2257)
OxA-1521	Amino acids from unbleached collagen	1890 ± 100
0xA-1522	Amino acids from bleached collagen	1760 ± 150

	Bone (P2258)
OxA-152.3	Amino acids from unbleached collagen	2000 ± 100
OxA-1524	Amino acids from bleached collagen	2040 ± 90

HAR-9093	Unbleached collagen	1860 ± 70
UB-3237	Peat 20–22 cm depth	1488 ± 44
UB-3238	Peat 55–57 cm depth	1764 ± 48
HAR-6521	Peat between right arm and head	2300 ± 70
HAR-6562	Peat monolith 125 0–3 cm	2290 ± 90
HAR-6565	Peat, upper body contact (LII)	2280 ± 70
UB-3239	Peat 117–119 cm depth	2345 ± 45
BM-2398	Peat, underside of arm (LII) htunin	2590 ± 170
BM-2399	Peat, underside of arm (LII) humic	2470 ± 250
BM-2400	Peat below recurrence surface humin	2450 ± 80
BM-2401	Peat below recurrence surface humic	2400 ± 80
UB-3240	Peat 119–121 cm depth	2447 ± 43
UB-3241	Peat 188–190 cm depth	3724 ± 55
HAR-8875	Charcoal-rich soil	4980 ± 70
GU-5562	Peat	4060 ± 70
GU-5566	Peat	7780 ± 70

(Table 8.13) Stratigraphy and pollen analyses from Wybunbury Moss (compiled from data in Poore and Walker, 1959)

Depth (metres)	Description	Dominant pollen
0.00–0.50	Unconsolidated peat	Sphagnum
0.50–0.75	Sphagnum peat	Sphagnum
0.75–1.26	Sphagnum pool peat	Sphagnum, Calluna, Gramineae, Alnus, Quercus
1.26–1.50	Sphagnum peat with rootlets	Sphagnum, Quercus
1.50–2.77	Sphagnum peat	Sphagnum, Quercus
2.77–3.20	Sphagnum pool peat with rare Oxycoccus	Sphagnum, Quercus, Betula
3.20–3.50	Sphagnum peat with Calluna fragments	Sphagnum, Quercus, Betula
3.50–6.50	Sphagnum cuspidatum peat with Oxycoccus and rare Eriophorum vaginatum	Cyperaceae, Corylus
6.50–8.80	Coarse detritus mud with Phragmites, Carex and Menyanthes remains; Pinus bark at 7.35 metres	Pinus, Corylus
8.80–8.90	Wood fragments	Pinus, Corylus
8.90–9.50	Hypnum mud with Carex and Menyanthes remains	Pinus, Corylus
9.50–10.00	Woody coarse detritus mud	Pinus, Corylus
10.00–10.20	Liquid mud
10.20–10.40	Woody coarse detritus mud	Pinus, Corylus, Betula, Cyperaceae
10.40–10.46	Clay mud	Pinus, Corylus, Betula, Cyperaceae
10.46–10.50	Grey clay	Pinus, Corylus, Betula

(Table 8.14) Comparison of the timing of wet shifts from Bolton Fell Moss and Walton Moss (data from Hughes et al., 2000). All ages are approximate and are years BP

Bolton Fell Moss	Bolton Fell Moss	Bolton Fell Moss	Bolton Fell Moss
(Barber, 1981)	(Stoneman, 1993)	(core BFMJ)(Barber et al., 1994b)	(core WLM11)
c. 200			c. 100
c. 500	c. 350		c. 300–350
c. 1000		c. 1300	c. 1450
			c. 1650–1750
	c. 2400	c. 1900–2200	c. 2100 to 2040–2320
	c. 3100	c. 2650–2900	c. 2600 to 2680–3170
	c. 3550	c. 3300–3600	c. 3500
		c. 4000–4350	c. 3800 to 3990–4410
			c. 4900–5300
			c. 6800–7800

(Table 8.15) Stratigraphy for WH19 (data from Horton et al., 1999c)

Unit	Depth (cm)	Description
12	0–4	Limus with herbaceous roots
11	4–10	Silty limos
10	10–14	Fine limus
9 -	14–22	Coarse limus with Phragmites
8	22–24	Fine limus with Phragmites
7	24–51	Blue-grey silty clay
6	51–55	Coarse limos
5	55–58	Silty limos
4	58–59	Sand
3	59–63	Limus with herbaceous roots
2	63–75	Silty limus
1	75+	Stiff clay

(Table 8.16) Stratigraphy for HB4 (data from Horton et al., 1999c)

Unit	Depth (cm)	Description
10	0–17	Slightly organic clayey silt
9	17–40	Silty-clayey limos with some Phragmites
8	40–45	Laminated light grey-brown silty clay with some limus and Phragmites
7	45–58	Slightly clayey limus with herbaceous detritus and Phragmites
6	58–66	Woody detrital peat with limus and Phragmites
5	66–71	Dark brown limus with charcoal fragments and herbaceous detritus
4	71–76	Light grey, slightly organic silty clay with charcoal and some herbaceous detritus
3	76–79	Minero-organic sandy silt with plant rootlets and charcoal
2	79–82	Very sandy clay with some herbaceous rootlets
1	82+	Sandy blue clay with pebbles

(Table 8.17) Marine transgressions in the Fylde (after Tooley 1978a).

Transgression	Time limits (radiocarbon years BP)
Lytham I	9270–8575
Lytham II	8390–7800
Lytham III	7605–7200
Lytham IV	6710–6157
Lytham V	5947–5775
Lytham VI	5570–4897
Lytham VII	3700–3150
Lytham VIII	3090–2270
Lytham IX	1795–1370
Lytham X	c. 817

(Table 8.18) Radiocarbon dates from the New Cut (after Huddart, 1992; Middleton et al., 2001).

Site name	Coordinates	Grid reference	Material dated (after Troels-Smith, 1955)	Palaeoenvironment represented	Stratigraphical position of sample	Laboratory code	¹⁴C date (years BP ±σ)	Height of top of sample (metres OD)	Thickness of sample (metres)	Depth of top of sample from ground surface (centimetres)	Interpretation
New Cut-A	55°33'39"N 03°01'05"W	[SD 3260 0762]	Sh4, Th(Phra)² + Th(Cladii)² + Humous substance with Cladium and Phragmites	Saltmarsh to reedswamps	Silt overlaid by organic stratum	Hv.12540	6870 ± 235	+0.52	0.02	134	Regressive overlap
New Cut-A	55°33'39"N 03°01'05"W	[SD 3260 0762]	Sh4, Th(Phra)² + Humous substance with Phragmites	Reedswamps to saltmarsh	Organic stratum overlaid by silty clay	Hv.12539	6840 ± 95	+0.99	0.02	87	Transgressive overlap
New Cut-F	53°33'47.5N 03°00'42'W	[SD 3304 0787]	Ld³3, Th(Phra)²1 Laminated limus with Phragmites	Saltmarsh to reedswamps	Silt overlaid by organic stratum	Hv.12537	7015 ± 90	–0.20	0.02	180	Regressive overlap
New Cut-F	53°33'47.5"N 03°00'42'"W	[SD 3304 0787]	Ld³4, Th³ + Laminated limus	Reedswamps to saltmarsh	Organic stratum overlaid by clayey silt	Hy.12538	7435 ± 300	+0.16	0.02	144	Transgressive overlap
New Cut			Th²(Phra)3, Sh1, Dl⁺ Dh⁺⁺	Phragmites turfa		Gu-7229	5670 ± 70	+0.73
New Cut			Dh³, Shl, Ag⁺ Dl⁺ Th(Phra)1+	Woody detritus		Gu-7230	5810 ± 80	+0.60
New Cut			Th²(Phra)3, Sh1, Ag⁺ Dh⁺⁺	Phragmites turfa		Gu-7231	6610 ± 80	–0.19

(Table 8.19) Radiocarbon dates associated with the Hightown stratigraphy illustrated in (Figure 8.115).

Sample number	Laboratory number	Date (years BP)	Description
56.01	Beta-119011	1180 ± 50	Silver birch tree growing in organic sand
56.02	Beta-119012	4270 ± 60	Silver birch bark from the top of the peat bed
56.03	Beta-119013	4310 ± 50	Osmunda regalis (Royal fern) stems from the top of the peat bed
49.01	Beta-119007	4750 ± 80	Intermittent thin band of Phragmites peat covering the trackway
49.13	Beta-119009	4430 ± 80	Wooden peg into the trackway
49.16	Beta-119010	4910 ± 60	Part of lowest trackway resting on blue clay
49.11	Beta-119008	5080 ± 60	Part of wooden trackway

(Table 8.20) Tree and shrub species and the type of fossil remains at Hightown (from Travis, 1926).

Species	Type of remains
Pinus sylvestris	Bark, wood
Pinus sp.	Pollen
Myrica gale	Cones, seeds and leaves
Quercus sp.	Bark, wood, acorns, pollen
Betula sp.	Bark, wood, pollen
Alnus glutinosa	Cones, seeds
Corylus avellana	Wood, nuts, pollen
Tilia europaea	Pollen
Salix cinerea	Leaves
Salix aurita	Leaves
Salix sp.	Pollen, wood
Ilex aquifolium	Leaves

References