Jarzembowski, E.A., Siveter, D.J., Palmer, D. & Selden, P.A. 2010. Fossil Arthropods of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 35, JNCC, Peterborough.
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Derek J. Siveter
This composite site is located on Logan Water about five kilometres south-west of Lesmahagow in the Midland Valley of Scotland. It lies within the inlier named after this town, which is the largest of four Silurian inliers in the central part of the Midland Valley, the others being the Hagshaw Hills, Carmichael and Eastfield (see
Murchison (1856), in connection with the arthropod discoveries at Lesmahagow of Robert Slimon, gave some observations on the geology of the area, as did Woodward (1970). Peach and Horne (1899) produced a more detailed account later in the 19th century, in which they specifically referred to the Logan Water exposures that form the Dunside site, and gave lists of fossils that occur there. However it was Jennings (1961), through his mapping of the inlier, who established a modern stratigraphy for it. All subsequent authors who have published on the geology or palaeontology of Lesmahagow, for example Rolfe (1973b, 1992b), Ritchie (1968, 1985), Walton and Oliver (1991), and Dineley (1999a), have used his stratigraphical scheme. Armstrong et al. (1995) and Paterson et at (1998) also essentially did so in their re-mapping and assessment of the area, but with some refinement of the lithostratigraphy. The environmental and biofacies analysis of the Lesmahagow Silurian by Lovelock (1998) is unpublished.
Dunside is one of relatively many localities in the Silurian of the Lesmahagow, Hagshaw and Carmichael inliers that are notable for yielding a variety of non-trilobite arthropods (see, for example, Currie, 1927; Rolfe 1960, 1962a, 1962b, 1973b, 1992b; Ritchie, 1968; Selden and White, 1983; Siveter, 2000a; Palmer, 2000; Tetlie and Braddy, 2004). Through the collecting of Slimon the site has some historical significance the importance of the arthropods from here being proclaimed at a British Association meeting in Glasgow in 1855 by Murchison — and it has also yielded, at that time in particular, an abundance of specimens which have been subsequently deposited in major Scottish and other museums throughout the world (Rolfe, 1992b). Most of these specimens are eurypterids, which have been studied since the late nineteenth century (see, for example, Salter, 1856, 1859a, 1859b; Woodward, 1864a, 1864b, 1868b;
Waterston, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1979; Kjellesvig-Waering, 1964; Plotnick, 1999). Additionally, a 'synziphosurine' chelicerate, and phyllocarid crustaceans have been described from here (Woodward, 1868a; Jones and Woodward, 1888–1899; Størmer, 1952; Bergstrom, 1975; Eldredge, 1974; Eldredge and Plotnick, 1974; Rolfe and Burnaby, 1961; Rolfe, 1962b).
Dunside also has significance for early vertebrates, and has been selected for inclusion in the GCR volume on fossil fishes (Dineley and Metcalf, 1999).
The Silurian succession of the Lesmahagow Inlier was divided by Jennings (1961) into, in ascending order, Priesthill, Waterhead and Dungavel groups, each comprising various formations and above which are Old Red Sandstone conglomerates and sandstones of Devonian age
A late Llandovery age is generally accepted for the Priesthill Group, though palynological evidence suggests that beds as old as those of the Patrick Burn Formation, and by Implication all younger formations of the Priesthill Group, may be of Wenlock age (Wellman, 1995; Anderson and Moore, 2004). The Waterhead Group has been assigned to the Wenlock Series, and at least part of the Dungavel Group may belong to the Ludlow Series (Cocks et al., 1992; Wellman and Richardson, 1993; Paterson et al., 1998; Palmer, 2000).
The Dunside site consists of two localities along the stretch of Logan Water that runs between the Logan and the Dunside reservoirs. The first of these is represented by exposures close to the outflow from Logan Reservoir, at Shank's Castle
At Shank's Castle both the Castle and the overlying Kip Burn formations crop out. The Castle Formation here comprises massive siltstone turbiditic flow deposits, sometimes over a metre thick, with load and flute casts, interbedded with bedded grey siltstones. It overlies, regionally, the Patrick Burn Formation, the upper part of the latter containing beds that probably lie within the lower part of Ceratiocaris Beds of Peach and Horne (1899; Rolfe, 1973b, 1992b; Armstrong et al., 1995; Paterson et al., 1998). The Kip Burn Formation comprises grey and olive-grey silty mudstones with dark grey carbonaceous siltstone laminae. At Shank's Castle the carbonaceous siltstones at the base of the unit pass upwards from the massive siltstones and mudstones of the Castle Formation. This locality was specifically noted by Peach and Horne (1899) with respect to the Ceratiocaris-bearing strata found there, but it is only one of several localities exposing their Ceratiocaris Beds. The lower part of the Kip Burn Formation, then, indudes the uppermost part of their Ceratiocaris Beds.
The Lesmahagow Inlier has some ten species of the phyllocarid Ceratiocaris recorded from it. For four of these, C. angusta Etheridge, Jones and Woodward, 1886; C. laxa Etheridge, Woodward and Jones, 1886; C. stygia Salter, 1860; and C. papilio, Salter, 1859, the Shank's Castle area probably represents their type locality (Rolfe and Burnaby, 1961; Etheridge et al., 1886). However out of the total of ten species, only C. stygia has been regarded as well founded. Other non-trilobite arthropods from Shank's Castle include the eurypterids Erretopterus and Slimonia and material of the putative phyllocarid Dictyocaris (Rolfe, 1973b, 1992b). Also recorded from here, albeit rarely, is the fish Birkenia elegans.
At the locality near Dunside that forms part of this site, slightly younger beds than those at Shank's Castle are exposed, belonging to the upper part of the Kip Burn Formation. These are carbonaceous laminated siltstones and they represent the Pterygotus Beds of Peach and Horne (1899; Rolfe, 1973b, 1992b; Paterson et al., 1998). It was from such beds that Slimon amassed his large collection of eurypterids, which are represented (Rolfe, 1973b, 1992b; Plotnick, 1999) by at least the following species: Pterygotus lanarkensis Kjellesvig-Waering, 1964, Slimonia acuminata (Salter, 1856); Erretopterus bilobus (Salter, 1856); Nanahughmilleria lanceolata (Salter, 1856), Carcinosoma scorpioides (Woodward, 1868), Paracarsinosoma obesa (Woodward, 1868) and Stylonurella spinipes (Page, 1859) see
About 1.5 km upstream on Logan Water from the Shank's Castle is the separate GCR site of Birk Knowes, where the sediments belong to the slightly older Patrick Burn Formation of the Priesthill Group. Birk Knowes is internationally recognized for yielding the agnathan Jamoytius kerwoodi, together with the thelodont Logania scotica. However it has also produced the eurypterids S. acuminata, E. bilobus, N. lanceolata, and Hardieopterus? lanarkensis Waterston, 1979, the chasmataspid Loganamaraspis dunlopi Tetlie and Braddy, 2004, the synziphosurids Cyamocephalus loganensis Currie, 1927 and a Pseudoniscus species, the phyllocarid Ceratiocaris papilio Salter, 1859 and the possible thylacocephalan Ainiktozoon loganense Scourfield, 1937 (see Currie, 1927; Eldredge, 1974; Waterston, 1979; Ritchie, 1985; Palmer, 2000; and Tetlie and Braddy, 2004). Archidesmas loganensis Peach, 1899, also from here and originally described as a myriapod, was later interpreted as a plant fragment (Almond, 1985; Rolfe, 1980, 1992b, Wilson and Anderson, 2004).
The Priesthill group is fully marine in nature in its lower part (Ponesk Burn Formation) and in its upper part (Patrick Burn Formation) it is restricted marine interrupted by turbidite flows (Paterson et al., 1998). The Waterhead Group, comprising red and purple siltstones and sandstones, is of continental origin. The clastic rocks of this latter group are interpreted as being fluvially derived, except for some within the Dippal Burn and Slot Burn formations that were probably deposited when temporary lakes formed. The Dungavel Group sediments are indicative of stable terrestrial conditions and, at least for the conglomerates and pebbly sandstones at its base, high-energy braided river systems. Thus this succession records, as with almost all other Silurian sequences in the Midland Valley, a major regressive episode from the marine Llandovery through into the non-marine environments of post-Llandovery times. The Girvan area witnessed a slight change to this pattern, as marine conditions persisted there into the early Wenlock.
Dunside has particularly close network links with the other Scottish Siluro-Devonian arthropod sites of Slot Burn, Gutterford Burn and Turin Hill. All of these are rich in eurypterids, though the genera and species in each are mostly different. Dunside also has links with the younger, Ludlow through to Přídolí Series Anglo-Welsh arthropod sites of Church Hill, Whitcliffe, Ludford Lane and Ludford Corner, Tin Mill Race, Perton Lane, and Bradnor Hill. All of these sites again have important eurypterid faunas that, however, contrast markedly in their composition to that at Dunside.
This Lesmahagow, upper Llandovery Series (Silurian) site is particularly rich in eurypterids, for which it probably stands as the type locality for about seven species as well as for a very rare synziphosurine chelicerate and, probably, several species of phyllocarid crustacean. Most of this material was collected in the 19th century, when the site became celebrated through the collecting of Robert Slimon and descriptions from the likes of Salter and Woodward. Specimens from here subsequently found their way to major museums in the UK and abroad. It is a site of very high conservation value.