Figures and tables

Figures

(Figure 1.1) Geological map of Great Britain. Based on May and Hansom (2003), and British Geological Survey.

(Figure 1.2) Map showing the locations of the mineralization GCR sites in England and Wales.

(Figure 2.1) Geological sketch map showing locations of GCR sites. 1 — Seathwaite Graphite Mine; 2 — Water Crag; 3 — Coniston Copper Mines; 4 — Birk Fell Hawse Mine; 5 — Dale Head North and South Veins; 6 — Wet Swine Gill; 7 — Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill; 8 — Buckbarrow Beck; 9 — Long Comb; 10 — Red Gill Mine; II — Roughtongill Mine; 12 — Dry Gill Mine; 13 — Eagle Crag; 14 — Florence Mine; 15 — Nab Gill Mine; 16 — Seathwaite Copper Mines; 17 — Force Crag Mine.

(Figure 2.2) Plan and section of the workings at Seathwaite Graphite Mine. After Ward (1876b).

(Figure 2.3) A cut surface of graphite-bearing rock, from Seathwaite Graphite Mine, showing graphite nodules in a matrix of altered dolerite. (Photo: T. Bain.)

(Figure 2.4) Geological sketch map of Water Crag.

(Figure 2.5) Outcrop of quartz-andalusite rock at Water Crag. The quartz-andalusite rock forms the pale-coloured outcrop immediately to the left of the map case. Hornfelsed Skiddaw Group mudstones crop out to the right of the map case. The rather rounded outcrops in the background are hornfelsed Borrowdale Volcanic Group rocks. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 2.6) Geological sketch map of Coniston Copper Mines. After Millward et al. (2000).

(Figure 2.7) A cut section of a large specimen from Bonser Vein, Coniston Copper Mines, showing crude bands of white quartz (q), magnetite (m), and chalcopyrite (c), between Borrowdale Volcanic Group wall-rock (w). The scale bar is 10 cm. (Photo: T. Bain, BGS No. MNS 5932, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.8) View of the Paddy End workings at Coniston Copper Mines. The large dumps in the foreground adjoin Hospital (H) and Grey Crag (G) levels. Dumps from higher levels may be seen to the left of the stream. Ancient surface workings, including Simon's Nick, are visible on the skyline above these dumps. The modem buildings are part of a water-treatment plant. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 2.9) The Birk Fell Hawse Vein between Borrowdale Volcanic Group wall-rocks, exposed in the old opencut working at Birk Fell Hawse Mine. The vein is composed mainly of quartz with abundant bornite and minor chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 2.10) Geological sketch map of the Dale Head North and South Veins GCR site.

(Figure 2.11) Dale Head North and South Veins. Old opencast working in the North Vein, here between strongly cleaved Skiddaw Group wall-rocks. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 2.12) Geological sketch map or the Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill GCR site.

(Figure 2.13) Harding Vein, between gabbro wall-rocks, exposed underground at Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill. Clusters of large wolframite crystals are prominent within massive white quartz. Other conspicuous constituents of the vein include arsenopyrite and a little scheelite. (Photo: T Bain, BGS No. D3957, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.14) Smith Vein, between gabbro wall-rocks at Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill. The vein here is composed mainly of white quartz in which a faint banding may be seen. The dark minerals are wolframite, arsenopyrite and scheelite. (Photo: T Bain, BGS No. D3945, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.15) Sketch of Buckbarrow Beck showing the distribution of the main mineral veins. After Young (1985b).

(Figure 2.16) Spherules of russellite on quartz from the tungsten vein at Buckbarrow Beck. The scale bar is 1 mm. (Photo. F. McTaggart, BGS No. P244159, reproduced with permission of the British Geological Survey © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.17) Geological sketch map of Roughtongill Mine.

(Figure 2.18) Specimen of hexagonal prisms of pyromorphite from 'Barstow's Trench' at Roughtongill Mine. The scale bar is 10 mm. (Photo: T. Bain, BGS No. MNS 4480, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.19) Specimen of rounded crystals of 'campylite' at Dry Gill Mine. The scale bar is 10 mm. (Photo: T. Bain, BGS No. MNS 4492, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.20) Dry Gill Mine. View eastwards along Dry Gill Vein which here crops out as a prominent quartz-rib on the north side of Dry Gill. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 2.21) The No. 2 Shaft headframe and buildings at Florence Mine. (Photo: T. Bain, BGS No. D3965, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.22) Large mass of 'kidney ore' exposed in situ in the underground workings at Florence Mine. (Photo: T. Bain, BGS No. D3974, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPFt/116–33CY.)

(Figure 2.23) Geological sketch map of Nab Gill Mine. After Young (1985b).

(Figure 2.24) (a) Surface features and (b) simplified plan and section of workings at Force Crag Mine. Oct^-Young and Cooper (1988).

(Figure 2.25) Group of large black sphalerite crystals up to 1 cm across partially encrusted with pale brownish-yellow siderite, from Force Crag Mine. (Photo: BGS No. MNS 4491, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/105–15CX.)

(Figure 2.26) Number 1 Level, Force Crag Mine. The vein here is unusually wide and contains an abundance of sphalerite with a conspicuous band of white barite near the right of the picture. (Photo: BGS No. D4794, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/105–15CX.)

(Figure 3.1) Geological sketch map with locations of GCR sites. 1– West Rigg Opencut; 2 – Killhope Head; 3 – Smallcleugh Mine; 4 – Tynebottom Mine; 5 – Sir John's Mine; 6– Scordale Mines; 7 – Lady's Rake Mine; 8 – Willyhole Mine; 9 – Pike Law Mines; 10 – Blagill Mine; 11 – Settlingstones Mine; 12 – Stonecroft Mine; 13 – Fallowfield Mine; 14 – Closehouse Mine; 15 – Foster's Hush; 16 – Black Scar; 17 – Cumpston Hill North and South Veins; 18 – Greenhow (Duck Street) Quarry; 19 – Pikedaw Calamine and Copper Mines; 20 – Gunnerside Gill.

(Figure 3.2) West Rigg Opencut. Large metasomatic replacement flats of iron ore in the Great Limestone have been removed leaving the vein, here composed mainly of quartz and a little fluorite, as a conspicuous rib across the centre of the quarry. Old lead workings in the centre of the vein may be seen to the left of the figure. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.3) Sketch map showing main veins and approximate extent of main flat deposits at Smallcleugh Mine.

(Figure 3.4) Metasomatized Great Limestone in the Smallcleugh (or Handsome Mea) Flats at Smallcleugh Mine. The limestone has been replaced mainly by ankerite and some silica. The most intensely altered limestone contains roughly horizontal bands of vugs lined with crystals of ankerite, galena and sphalerite. Above the hammer a limestone bed with numerous shaly partings has escaped intense alteration. (Photo: T.F. Bridges, BGS No. MNS 5565, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/105–15CX.)

(Figure 3.5) Sketch map showing main veins and associated flats at the Tynebottom Mine GCR site.

(Figure 3.6) Sketch map showing the main veins and flats at the Scordale Mines GCR site. After Dunham (1990).

(Figure 3.7) Scordale Mines. The Dow Scar Vein here forms a prominent gully crossing the outcrop of the Melmerby Scar Limestone. The dark, upper, crags are composed of Whin Sill dolerite. Dow Scar High Level lies adjacent to the small area of pale-coloured spoil immediately beneath the Whin Sill crags. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.8) General view of Lady's Rake Mine in 1982. The spoil heaps which contain the unusual skarn assemblage are immediately to the right of the buildings. The site of the main shaft is marked by the large rising main in the bottom right of the picture. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.9) Cut and polished slab of magnetite-calcite-niccolite ore from Lady's Rake Mine. White calcite (c) is brecciated and veined by magnetite (m). accompanied by some chlorite (ch). Niccolite (n) forms irregular streaks and rounded masses. The scale bar is 10 mm. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.10) Sketch map of Lady's Rake Mine showing main veins and mine workings referred to in the text. After Young et al. (1985b).

(Figure 3.11) Geological map of Pike Law Mines. Courtesy of British Geological Survey.

(Figure 3.12) The treatment plant and stockpiles of witherite product in 1967 at Settlingstones Mine. The head frame of the Ellen pumping shaft may be seen behind the buildings to the left of the picture. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.13) Cut surface of banded sphalerite from the spoil heaps at Stonecroft Mine. The pale minerals are barite and ankerite. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.14) Section through the main orebody at Closehouse Mine, showing folding in associated Carboniferous beds. After Hill and Dunham (1968).

(Figure 3.15) View of main opencast workings at Closehouse Mine, in 1984, showing the wide barite orebody in which old levels from previous underground workings may be seen. Almost horizontal limestones and shales on the footwall are exposed on the right of the picture. Steeply folded sandstones and limestones on the hangingwall can be seen on the left. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.16) Foster's Hush, looking north-east towards the B6276 road. The cars in the distance are parked on the partially landscaped spoil-heap derived from the hush. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.17) Hunter's Vein, exposed, composed of bands of barite, witherite and barytocalcite with inclusions of limonitized limestone wall-rock, exposed in the sides of collapsed workings in Foster's Hush. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.18) Specimen of crystallized barytocalcite from the spoil heaps adjacent to Foster's Hush. Sharply terminated monoclinic crystals project into vug in compact crystalline barytocalcite. The specimen is 80 mm across. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.19) Greenhow (Duck Street) Quarry. The central branch of Greenhow Rake here forms a prominent rib through the centre of the quarry (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 3.20) Looking west across the site of Pikedaw Calamine and Copper Mines. Spreads of tailings from hand dressing of copper ores are conspicuous. The calamine shaft lies near the centre of the view in the middle distance. (Photo: BGS No. L2755, reproduced by permission of the British Geological Survey, © NERC. All rights reserved. IPR/105–15CX.)

(Figure 3.21) Sketch plan of Pikedaw Calamine and Copper Mines showing the extent of the calamine-bearing caverns. After Raistrick (1983).

(Figure 3.22) Map of the geology and mine workings in Gunnerside Gill. After Dunham and Wilson (1985).

(Figure 3.23) View east along old workings on Old Rake. (Photo: B. Young.)

(Figure 4.1) Map of the geological sites reported in this chapter showing simplified major geological boundaries and faults. 1- Castle Hill Quarry; 2 — Croft Quarry; 3 — Newhurst Quarry; 4 — Warren Quarry; 5 — Gipsy Lane Brick Pit; 6 — Calton Hill; 7 — Masson Hill Mines; 8 — Dirtlow Rake and Pindale; 9 — Bage Mine; 10 — Fall Hill Quarry; 11 — Treak Cliff; 12 — Windy Knoll; 13 — Portway Gravel Pits; 14 — ICurkham's Silica Sandpits; 15 — Ecton Copper Mines; 16 — Alderley Edge District; 17 — Snailbeach Mine; 18 — Huglith Mine.

(Figure 4.2) Location map of the Castle Hill Quarry GCR site.

(Figure 4.3) Outcrop at Castic Hill Quarry (Photo: M.L. White.)

(Figure 4.4) Location map of Croft Quarry. After Le Bas (1968).

(Figure 4.5) The Croft Quarry GCR site. (Photo: M.L. White.)

(Figure 4.6) Location map of Newhurst Quarry.

(Figure 4.7) The Newhurst Quarry GCR site. (Photo: Midland Quarry Products.)

(Figure 4.8) The face at the Warren Quarry GCR site, showing the weathered surface of the tonalite. (Photo: J. Aumonier.)

(Figure 4.9) Location map of Gipsy Lane Brick Pit.

(Figure 4.10) Gipsy Lane Brick Pit. (Photo: M.L. White.)

(Figure 4.11) Location map of Calton Hill Quarry

(Figure 4.12) The exposure at the Calton Hill GCR site. (Photo: C. Hughes.)

(Figure 4.13) Location and geological map of the Masson Hill Mines and surrounding area.

(Figure 4.14) Sketch map of the Dirtlow Rake and Pindale area.

(Figure 4.15) The Dirtlow Rake Vein. (Photo: M.L. White.)

(Figure 4.16) Location map of Bage Mine.

(Figure 4.17) Bage Mine entrance (at the former main engine shaft). (Photo: M.L. White.)

(Figure 4.18) Location and geological map of Fall Hill Quarry. After Ford and Ineson (1971).

(Figure 4.19) Fall Hill Quarry. (Photo: M.L. White.)

(Figure 4.20) 'Freak Cliff location and geological map. After Ford and Rieuwarts (1976).

(Figure 4.21) The Blue John veins in Carboniferous limestone found within Treak Cliff Cavern, Castleton. (Photo: Phil Sturges, Natural England.)

(Figure 4.22) The limestone quarry face (left) at Windy Knoll with the residual petroleum 'elaterite' deposits in the foreground. The black tarry material forms the matrix to pale fragmented limestone. (Photo: J. Poll, Natural England.)

(Figure 4.23) Portway Gravel Pits. (Photo: J. Aumonier.)

(Figure 4.24) Geological map of the Portway Gravel Pits GCR site. After Ford (1967b).

(Figure 4.25) Kirkham's Silica Sandpits, Derbyshire. (Photo: J. Aumonier.)

(Figure 4.26) Kaolinitic sand from Kirkham's Silica Sandpits, Derbyshire. (Photo: Photo: J. Aumonier.)

(Figure 4.27) Pebbly horizon within the Brassington Formation at Kirkham's Silica Sandpits, Derbyshire. (Photo: Photo: J. Aumonier.)

(Figure 4.28) Location map of Ecton Copper Mines.

(Figure 4.29) The remains of mineralization within Clayton Mine. (Photo: H. Townley, Natural England.)

(Figure 4.30) The Alderley Edge mining district: simplified solid geology with distribution of mine sites and workings. After Warrington (1965, maps 1, 2; 1980b, fig. 2), incorporating more-recent underground observations.

(Figure 4.31) Fault in the West Mine Sandstone Member at the south-west boundary of West Mine, Alderley Edge, looking south-east. The fault is normal and downthrows to the north-east (left). Ground stoped for copper ore is to the left, in the hangingwall; rock in the footwall is barren. The fault is silicified and has fractures containing a mineral assemblage that includes argentite and cinnabar (Milodowski et al., 1999, fig. 93). (Photo: G. Warrington, 1979).

(Figure 4.32) Sketch map of the West Shropshire Orefield in the vicinity of Snailbeach Mine. After Dines (1958).

(Figure 4.33) Spoil heaps at Snailbeach Mine. (Photo: J. Aumonier.)

(Figure 4.34) Calcite on spoil heaps at Snailbeach Mine. (Photo: J. Aumonier.)

(Figure 4.35) Sketch map of the Habberley area showing the relationship of mineralization to geology. After Dines (1958).

(Figure 5.1) Map of Wales showing the location of the GCR sites described in this chapter.

(Figure 5.2) Nineteenth-century manganese workings on exposures of the Cambrian-age Hafotty Formation in the Harlech Dome, looking south towards the Mawddach Estuary (Photo: © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.)

(Figure 5.3) Map of the Harlech Dome region, showing the distribution of the Cambrian-age Hafotty Formation, the locations of the principal manganese mines, and the three mines which comprise the Llyn Du Bach Complex GCR site. Based on Down (1980), and Allen and Jackson (1985).

(Figure 5.4) Map of North Wales, showing the distribution of Ordovician oolitic iron ore workings, and the location of the Tyllau Mwn GCR site. After Trythall (1988).

(Figure 5.5) Photograph of old spoil-heaps of banded manganese ore adjacent to Llyn Eiddew-Mawr, at the Llyn Du Bach Complex GCR site, in the Harlech Dome region. (Photo: R.E. Bevins.)

(Figure 5.6) Map of the Llyn Du Bach Complex GCR site. After Institute of Geological Sciences 1:50 000 Sheet 135, Harlech (1982).

(Figure 5.7) Map of the Benallt and Nant Mines GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:10 000 Sheet SH22NW, Rhiw (1991).

(Figure 5.8) Photograph of old spoil-heaps in Nant y Gadwen at Nant Mine. (Photo R.E. Bevins.)

(Figure 5.9) Map of the Tyllau Mwn GCR site. Based on Dunkley (1978), and British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 136, Bala (1986).

(Figure 5.10) Distant view of spoil heaps at the remote Tyllau Mwn GCR site. (Photo: N. Smith.)

(Figure 5.11) Map of the Coed y Brenin porphyry copper system, showing the localities of the Moe! Hafod-Owen, Thrf Copper Mine, Glasdir Mine, and Bryn-Coch and Cape Hermon GCR sites. After Allen et al. (1976).

(Figure 5.12) Photograph of an exposure of mineralization in the Coed y Brenin porphyry copper system in a forestry track cutting near Capel Harmon, at Capel Hermon. (Photo: R.E. Bevins.)

(Figure 5.13) Map of the Glasdir Mine GCR site and the locations of other intrusive breccias. After Allen and Easterbrook (1978).

(Figure 5.14) Photograph of old workings at the Glasdir Mine GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.15) Photograph of the Moel Hafod-Owen GCR site. (Photo: S. Campbell.)

(Figure 5.16) Photograph of sea thrift (Armeria maritima) growing as a copper-tolerant plant at the Turf Copper Mine GCR site. (Photo: S. Campbell.)

(Figure 5.17) Map of the Harlech Dome region, showing the locations of the principal gold mines and the Dolgellau Gold-belt GCR sites. After Institute of Geological Sciences 1:50 000 Sheet 135, Harlech (1982).

(Figure 5.18) Photograph of the Foel Ispri Mine GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.19) Photograph of the Cefn-Coch Mine GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.20) Quartz-dominated ribbon-veining, Cefn-Coch Mine GCR site. (Photo: J.S. Mason.)

(Figure 5.21) Map of the Friog Undercliff GCR site. After Mason et al. (1999).

(Figure 5.22) Folded quartz veins, Friog Undercliff GCR site. (Photo: S. Campbell.)

(Figure 5.23) Map showing the distribution of the GCR sites in relation to mineralization associated with the main Snowdon Caldera. After Howells et al. (1991).

(Figure 5.24) Schematic cross-section through the hydrothermal cells responsible for the Snowdon mineralization. After Reedman et al. (1985).

(Figure 5.25) Map of the Lliwedd Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 119, Snowdon (1997).

(Figure 5.26) Photograph of the Lliwedd Mine GCR site. (Photo: T. Colman.)

(Figure 5.27) Map of the Llanberis Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 106, Bangor (1985a).

(Figure 5.28) Photograph of the Llanberis Mine GCR site. (Photo: R.E. Bevins.)

(Figure 5.29) Map of the Cwm Tregalan–Shadow Gully GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 119, Snowdon (1997).

(Figure 5.30) Photograph of Shadow Gully. (Photo: T. Colman.)

(Figure 5.31) Map of the Llyn Cwellyn Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 119, Snowdon (1997).

(Figure 5.32) Photograph of the Llyn Cwellyn Mine GCR site. (Photo: R.E. Bevins.)

(Figure 5.33) Map of the Bwlch Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 94, Llandudno (1989a).

(Figure 5.34) Photograph of stibnite from the Bwlch Mine GCR site. National Museum of Wales specimen NMW85.70G.M34. (Photo: M.P. Cooper, © National Museum of Wales.)

(Figure 5.35) Map of the Parys Mountain GCR site. After Westhead (1991, 1993).

(Figure 5.36) Photograph of the Parys Mountain GCR site. (Photo: S. Campbell.)

(Figure 5.37) Map of the Cae Coch Mine GCR site. After Ball and Bland (1985).

(Figure 5.38) Photograph of the Cae Coch Mine GCR site, showing the top open-pit. (Photo: T Colman.)

(Figure 5.39) Map of the Ffestiniog Granite Quarry GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 119, Snowdon (1997).

(Figure 5.40) Photograph of the Ffestiniog Granite Quarry GCR site, exposing the roof zone of the intrusion. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.41) Map of the Afon Stwlan GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 119, Snowdon (1997).

(Figure 5.42) Photograph of the Afon Stwlan GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.43) Map of the Manod Quarry GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 119, Snowdon (1997).

(Figure 5.44) Photograph of the Manod Quarry GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.45) Map of the Coed Llyn y Garnedd GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 119, Snowdon (1997).

(Figure 5.46) Arrays of flat-lying regional pre-tectonic quartz veins hosted by mudstones of the Nant Ffrancon Subgroup. Note disturbance of the cleavage of the mudstone adjacent to the veins. (Photo: J.S. Mason.)

(Figure 5.47) Map of the Penrhyn Quarry GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 106, Bangor (1985a).

(Figure 5.48) Photograph of the Penrhyn Quarry GCR site. (Photo: Crown copyright: Royal CoFigure

(Figure 5.49) Map of the Dolaucothi Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 212, Llandovery (2008).

(Figure 5.50) Aerial photograph of the Dolaucothi Mine GCR site. (Photo: © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.)

(Figure 5.51) Map showing the distribution of old metal mines in the Central Wales Orefield. The location of the GCR sites are highlighted. After Ball and Nutt (1976).

(Figure 5.52) Map of the Cwmystwyth Mine GCR site. Based on British Geological Survey 1:50 000 sheets 179, Rhayader (1993a), and 178, Llanilar (1994).

(Figure 5.53) Photograph of the Cwmystwyth Mine GCR site. (Photo: J.S. Mason, © National Museum of Wales.)

(Figure 5.54) Oblique aerial photograph of the Cwmystwyth Mine GCR site, showing complex sets of hushes and leats. (Photo: © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.)

(Figure 5.55) Map of the Brynyrafr Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 163, Aberystwyth (1984).

(Figure 5.56) Photograph of the Brynyrafr Mine GCR site. (Photo: T. Cotterell.)

(Figure 5.57) Map of the Darren Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 163, Aberystwyth (1984).

(Figure 5.58) Photograph of the Darren Mine GCR site. (Photo: J.S. Mason.)

(Figure 5.59) Map of the Erglodd Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 163, Aberystwyth (1984).

(Figure 5.60) Photograph of the Erglodd Mine GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.61) Map of the Eaglebrook Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 163, Aberystwyth (1984).

(Figure 5.62) Photograph of the Eaglebrook Mine GCR site. (Photo: S. Campbell.)

(Figure 5.63) Map of the Ceulan Mine Opencast GCR site. Based on unpublished British Geological Survey 1:25 000 Sheet SN89, and Bick (1977).

(Figure 5.64) Photograph of the Ceulan Mine Opencast GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.65) Map of the Nantiago Mine GCR site. Based on unpublished British Geological Survey 1:25 000 Sheet SN88, and Jones et al. (2004).

(Figure 5.66) Oblique aerial photograph of the Nantiago Mine GCR site, looking from the east. (Photo: Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.)

(Figure 5.67) Map of the Nantymwyn Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 195, Lampeter (2006).

(Figure 5.68) Photograph of the Nantymwyn Mine GCR site, showing the wall-like lode exposure on Pen Cerrig-mwyn. (Photo: J.S. Mason, © National Museum of Wales.)

(Figure 5.69) Map of the Dolyhir Quarry GCR site. Based on Woodcock (1988), and unpublished mapping by T. Cotterell.

(Figure 5.70) Photograph of the Dolyhir Quarry GCR site. (Photo: T Cotterell.)

(Figure 5.71) Map showing the distribution of old lead mines in the North-east Wales Orefield, showing the locations of the Halkyn Mountain, Pool Park and South Minera Mines, and Pennant Mine GCR sites. After Lewis (1976).

(Figure 5.72) Map of the Halkyn Mountain GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 108, Flint (1999).

(Figure 5.73) Oblique aerial photograph of old lead workings at the Halkyn Mountain GCR site. (Photo: 0 Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.)

(Figure 5.74) Map of the Pool Park and South Minera Mines GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 121, Wrexham (1993b).

(Figure 5.75) Oblique aerial photograph of old workings at the Pool Park Mine, viewed from the north-east, showing old lead shafts, natural sink-holes, and a prominent leat system. (Photo: © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales.)

(Figure 5.76) Map of the Pennant Mine GCB site. Based on Institute of Geological Sciences 1:50 000 Sheet 95, Rhyl (1970), and British Geological Survey 1:50 000 sheets 107, Denbigh (1985b), and 108, Flint (1999).

(Figure 5.77) Photograph of the restored engine-house at the Pennant Mine GCR site. (Photo: T. Cotterell.)

(Figure 5.78) Map of the Great Orme Copper Mines GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 94, Llandudno (1989a).

(Figure 5.79) Photograph of the Great Orine Copper Mines GCR site. (Photo: S. Campbell.)

(Figure 5.80) Photograph of claystone–ironstone nodules exposed in Cwm Gwrelych, Glyn Neath. (Photo: R.E. Bevins.)

(Figure 5.81) Map of the Mwyndy Mine GCR site. Based on British Geological Survey 1:50 000 sheets 261 and 262, Bridgend (1989b), and Institute of Geological Sciences 1:10 000 Sheet ST08SE (1984).

(Figure 5.82) Photograph of barite from the Mwyndy Mine GCR site. (Photo: M.P. Cooper, © National Museum of Wales.)

(Figure 5.83) Map of the Ton Mawr Quarry GCR site. After Institute of Geological Sciences 1:10 000 Sheet ST18SW (1979).

(Figure 5.84) Photograph of the Ton Mawr GCR site showing well-bedded limestones dipping to the NNW (Photo: L. Garfield.)

(Figure 5.85) Map of the Ogmore Coast GCR site. After Wilson et al. (1990).

(Figure 5.86) Photograph of calcite, barite and galena mineralization in Lower Lias strata at the Ogmore Coast GCR site. (Photo: S.R. Howe.)

(Figure 5.87) Map of the Machen Quarry GCR site. After Institute of Geological Sciences 1:50 000 Sheet 249, Newport (1975).

(Figure 5.88) Photograph of the Machen Quarry GCR site. (Photo: R.E. Bevins.)

(Figure 5.89) Map of the Llechweddhelyg Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet  163, Aberystwyth (1984).

(Figure 5.90) Photograph of the Llechweddhelyg Mine GCR site. (Photo: T. Cotterell.)

(Figure 5.91) Map of the Frongoch Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 178, Lianilar (1994).

(Figure 5.92) Photograph of re-located spoil at the Frongoch Mine GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 5.93) Map of the Mynydd Nodol Mine GCR site. After British Geological Survey 1:50 000 Sheet 137, Corwen (1993c).

(Figure 5.94) Photograph of the Mynydd Nodol Mine GCR site. (Photo: R. Mathews.)

(Figure 6.1) Map showing the locations of the GCR sites in the Mendips: 1 — Banwell Caves; 2 — Banwell Ochre Caves; 3 — Ben Knowle; 4 — Charterhouse Lead Orefield; 5 — Clevedon Shore; 6 — Wurt Pit; 7 — Compton Martin Ochre Mine; 8 — Hartcliff Rocks Quarry.

(Figure 6.2) Diagrammatic cross-section of the Mendip Hills and the Culm Syncline, showing possible migration route of deep formation waters up-dip. Based on Ford (1976), and Alabaster (1982).

(Figure 6.3) Manganese-iron mineralization in the Mendip Orefield. After Alabaster (1982).

(Figure 6.4) A vein of mineralization in the roof of Banwell Bone Cave. (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 6.5) Celestine map of the Mendips showing the locality of the Ben Knowle GCR site. Based on Thomas (1973), and Nickless et al. (1976).

(Figure 6.6) Celestine nodules at Bristol Minerals Production Plant. From various sites. (Photo: R.F. Symes.)

(Figure 6.7) The horizontal and vertical relationships between the modes of celestine occurrence in the Mercia Mudstone Group of the Bristol/Mendip area. After Nickless et al. (1976).

(Figure 6.8) Outline map of the Mendip Orefield showing the location of the Charterhouse Lead Orefield, Wurt Pit and Compton Martin Ochre Mine GCR sites. Based on Ford (1976), and Pattrick and Poyla (1993).

(Figure 6.9) 'Gruffy ground' with no significant rock exposure, part of the Charterhouse Lead Orefield. (Photo: R.F. Symes.)

(Figure 6.10) Photo of Clevedon Pier at the Clevedon Shore GCR site. (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 6.11) Paragenesis of the mineralization at Clevedon Shore. After Ixer (1986).

(Figure 6.12) Individual orefields of the Mendip district in relation to outcrops of the Harptree Beds, showing the location of the Wurt Pit GCR site. After Stanton (1981).

(Figure 6.13) Outline map of the Hartcliff Rocks Quarry GCR site.

(Figure 6.14) Close-up of iron mineralization in situ, north quarry wall, Hartcliff Rocks Quarry. The dark material is mainly hematite and goethite. A cavity in the massive iron mineralization has crystals of calcite, quartz and hematite deposited by late mineralized solutions in groundwaters. (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 7.1) Map showing the locations of the GCR sites in South-west England.

(Figure 7.2) Main granite types of South-west England. Based on Exley (1983), Stone et al. (1988), and Alderton (1993).

(Figure 7.3) General paragenetic sequence of ore minerals in South-west England. Based on Ilosking (1964), Edmonds et al. (1975), and Stone and Exley (1986).

(Figure 7.4) Some variations of composite 'normal' lodes in Cornwall. Based on Edmonds et al. (1975), and Dines (1956).

(Figure 7.5) Secondary alteration, particularly of the base-metal sulphides above the water-table. After Embrey and Symes (1987).

(Figure 7.6) Map showing the location of the Meldon Aplite Quarries GCR site (shown on old maps as the 'Granulite Quarry'), and the Meldon Aplite.

(Figure 7.7) Map of Priest's Cove. After Halls, unpublished field guide.

(Figure 7.8) The headland of Cape Cornwall showing mine chimney, remnant mine buildings and processing floors. (Photo: S. Campbell.)

(Figure 7.9) Diagram showing successive unmixing episodes from the crystallizaing magma at Porth Ledden and Priest's Cove. After Charoy (1979).

(Figure 7.10) 4 (a) Distribution of the granite varieties in the St Austell area (after Exley and Stone, 1982). (b) Simplified map of the primary granite varieties of the St Austell area and their metamorphic aureoles (new interpretation after Manning and Exley, 1984).

(Figure 7.11) (a) Intrusive relationships in the Hensbarrow Granite stock. (b) Relationship between mineralization and pegmatite formation in Li-mica granite. After Halls (1987).

(Figure 7.12) (a) View across Tremearne Par and Megilligar Rocks towards Wheal Trewavas copper mine. (b) The contact between the pegmatite and the killas, Tremearne Par. (Photos: H. Townley, Natural England.)

(Figure 7.13) Geological sketch map of the Tregonning–Godolphin Granite. The area without ornament is composed of the Mylor Slate Formation. Solid lines mark exposed boundaries; dashed lines mark inferred boundaries. After Stone (1969). Granite boundaries modified by Taylor and Wilson (1975).

(Figure 7.14) Geological map of part of the northern margin of Dartmoor, showing the location of the Red-a-Ven Mine GCR site. After El Sharkawi and Dearman (1966).

(Figure 7.15) Location of Haytor Iron Mine on the eastern edge of the Dartmoor mining area. After Durrance and Laming (1997).

(Figure 7.16) 'Haytorite' from Haytor Iron Mine, Devon. (Photo: © The Natural History Museum, London.)

(Figure 7.17) Mines of the St Just district. After St Just Mines Research Group (2000).

(Figure 7.18) Geology and mineralization of the St Just mining district, between Cape Cornwall and Pendeen Watch. After Jackson et al. (1982).

(Figure 7.19) Crowns Engine House. (Photo: Kevin Zim.)

(Figure 7.20) Section through the working on Crowns Lode. After Embrey and Symes (1987).

(Figure 7.21) Crowns Lode and Grylls Bunny. From unpublished field notes.

(Figure 7.22) Schematic structure of skarn zoning showing the relation between vein and massive skarns ( 'am' denotes the amphibole zone, the pyroxene zone is shown in black, and 'ga' denotes the garnet zone). After van Marke de Lummen and Verkaeren (1985).

(Figure 7.23) Position of major veins and the St Agnes Granite, around Wheal Coates and Trevaunance Cove. The inset map shows a sketch of the Wheal Coates cliff lode. Based on unpublished field notes.

(Figure 7.24) The engine house at Wheal Coates. (Photo: R.F. Symes.)

(Figure 7.25) Cassiterite, from Wheal Coates, St Agnes, Cornwall: a magnificent group of pseudocrystals, up to 5.6 cm long, in which fine-grained cassiterite has replaced Carlsbad twins of orthoclase feldspar. (Photo: 4 The Natural History Museum, London.)

(Figure 7.26) Map of Plymouth and the south Devon coast showing the position of the mines in the area, in particular the Wheal Emily GCR site. After Hamilton Jenkin (1974).

(Figure 7.27) The re-opened and gated mine adit at Wheal Emily. The adit cuts through Devonian (Meadfoot Group) beds. (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 7.28) Structural, lithological and mineralogical interpretation of Cligga Head. After Moore and Jackson (1977).

(Figure 7.29) Parallel greisen-bordered veins, seen in the small quarry near Cligga Head. (Photo: N. Stevenson, Natural England.)

(Figure 7.30) Location map of Cameron Quarry showing the distribution of lodes in the area. After Dines (1956).

(Figure 7.31) Structure and mineralization in Cameron Quarry. After Hosking and Camm (1985).

(Figure 7.32) Geological map of the St Michael's Mount area. After Halls el al. (2000).

(Figure 7.33) (a) St Michael's Mount causeway from Marazion. (Photo: Natural England.) (b) Veins cutting through slate, St Michael's Mount. (Photo: M. Murphy, Natural England.)

(Figure 7.34) View of the open pit at Mulberry Down. (Photo: JNCC.)

(Figure 7.35) Nanjizal Cove. (Photo: Steve Parker.)

(Figure 7.36) Plan of Devon Great Consols Mine.

(Figure 7.37) Wheal Josiah, showing the mine dump. (Photo: R.F. Symes.)

(Figure 7.38) Location of the Devon United Mine GCR site on the north-west edge of the Dartmoor mining area. After Durrance and Laming (1997).

(Figure 7.39) Wheal Betsy Engine House, Devon United Mine. (Photo: Markles55.)

(Figure 7.40) Mineral zonation in the St Agnes–Cligga area. After Alderton (1993).

(Figure 7.41) Perran Beach to Holywell Bay. (E) represents exposures of the lodes within the area (Penhale Lode, Perran Iron Lode, Wheal Golden Lode and East Wheal Golden Lode).

(Figure 7.42) Perran Beach to Holywell Bay, general view of the cliffs at the northern end of Perran Beach. The cliff-top footpath passes by the shaft. (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 7.43) Location map of Lockridge Mine and the silver-lead mines of the Tamar Valley. After Booker (1974).

(Figure 7.44) Map showing the position of South Terras Mine. After Dines (1956).

(Figure 7.45) Photograph of a dump area at South Terras Mine (Photo: JNCC.).

(Figure 7.46) Sketch map of part of the Mount's Bay District, showing the Porthleven, Wheal Rose and Wheal Penrose lodes to the east. After Dines (1956).

(Figure 7.47) Arsenopyrite, from Wheal Penrose, Cornwall. Tiny stellate repeated twins (trillings), with yellowish dolomite crystals and dark-brown sphalerite, in cavities of vein quartz (Photo: The Natural History Museum, London.)

(Figure 7.48) Dumps at the Wheal Penrose GCR site. (Photo: R.F. Symes.)

(Figure 7.49) Sketch map of the Wheal Alfred setts. After Dines (1956).

(Figure 7.50) Wheal Alfred. (Photo: R.F. Symes.)

(Figure 7.51) Pyromorphite from Wheal Alfred, Phillack, Cornwall. Tapering crystals, some hollow and up to 4 mm across, on iron-stained quartz. Pyromorphite specimens from this locality are the finest found in Cornwall, but it is not known from which part of the mine they came. (Photo: © The Natural History Museum, London.)

(Figure 7.52) The Mount's Bay District, showing the location of Penberthy Croft Mine. After Dines (1956.)

(Figure 7.53) View across the main area of spoil heaps, Penberthy Croft Mine. The fenced area is Daws Shaft, the type locality for bayldonite. (Photo: H. Townley, Natural England.)

(Figure 7.54) Sketch map of Hope's Nose, showing the geology and the location of the principal gold-bearing veins. After Stanley et al. (1990a).

(Figure 7.55) One of the remaining areas of vein mineralization at Hope's Nose. The vein cuts the massive limestone beds. (Photo: H. Townley, Natural England.)

(Figure 7.56) Gold, from Hope's Nose, near Torquay, Devon. A beautifully delicate dendritic growth in cream-coloured calcite, with brown-weathered dolomite. Originally wholly enclosed by calcite, the vein has been exposed by acid treatment. The small veins at this locality crop out on the sea coast, near the sewage outfall of Torquay and are remarkable for the palladium minerals isomertieite and mertieite-II which have recently been found there in small amounts. (Photo: © The Natural History Museum, London.)

(Figure 7.57) Black carbonaceous cherty shales of the Codden Hill Beds, exposed at High Down Quarry (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 7.58) Wavelike specimen from High Down Quarry (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 7.59) Hingston Down Quarry (Photo: JNCC.)

(Figure 7.60) Penlee Quarry. (Photo: A. Tyson.)

(Figure 7.61) The geology of the Penzance area, showing the extent of the Land's End Granite, and the locations of the Penlee Quarry and Nanjizal Cove GCR sites. After Goode and Taylor (1988).

(Figure 7.62) A close view of the adits in the Perran Iron Lode at Gravel Hill Mine. (Photo: Natural England.)

(Figure 7.63) Geological map of the Lizard area, showing the location of the Dean Quarry GCR site. Based on Flett (1946), Green (1964), and Styles and Kirby (1980).

Tables

(Table 1.1) Selection criteria for sites fundamental to understanding the mineralization of England and Wales, tabulated on the basis of geological time (section 1) and sites showing special features (section 2).

(Table 1.2) Site selection criteria for sites fundamental to understanding the mineralization of England and Wales, tabulated on the basis of geographical distribution (* = national significance, I = international significance).

(Table 4.1) Confirmed occurrences and relative abundances of ore minerals from the Alderley Edge mining district (from Braithwaite, 1994).

(Table 5.1) Classification of Central Wales Orefield mineralization into the 'Early Complex' A1 and 'Late Simple' A2 groups. Minor/trace species are in italics; major phases are underlined. After Mason (1994, 1997).

(Table 7.1) List of minerals recorded in the Wheal Edward&ndashWheal Cock–Wheal Owles area. From Elton and Hooper (1998).

(Table 7.2) Output of representative St Agnes mines. Based on Mines of West Cornwall, and Dines, 1956).

(Table 7.3) List of minerals recorded at the Penberthy Croft Mine GCR site. Mineral species in bold (96 species) have been confirmed; those in italics are fradulent, suspected or cases of analytical errors. 'UKPC2' and 'UKPC3' refer to 'Unknown Penberthy Croft' 2 and 3 — further research on these minerals is required. After Betterton (2010).

References