Bevins, R.E., Young, B., Mason, J.S., Manning, D.A.C. & Symes, R.F. 2010. Mineralization of England and Wales. Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 36, JNCC, Peterborough. The original source material for these web pages has been made available by the JNCC under the Open Government Licence 3.0. Full details in the JNCC Open Data Policy

Tables

(Table 1.1) Selection criteria for sites fundamental to understanding the mineralization of England and Wales, tabulated on the basis of geological time (section 1) and sites showing special features (section 2).

1. Sites representative of the mineralization history of England and Wales

1.1 Cambrian-Ordovician exhalative Mn and Fe mineralization, North Wales

Llyn Du Bach Complex

Benallt and Nant Mines

Tyllau Mwn

1.2 Ordovician porphyry copper mineralization, North Wales

Bryn-Coch and Capel Hermon

Glasdir Mine

Moel Hafod-Owen

Turf Copper Mine

1.3 Lower Palaeozoic gold vein mineralization, North Wales

Cefn-Coch Mine

Foel-Ispri Mine

Friog Undercliff

1.4 Ordovician volcanism in North Wales

Lliwedd Mine

Llanberis Mine

Cwm Tregalan–Shadow Gully

Llyn Cwellyn Mine

Ffestiniog Granite Quarry

Afon Stwlan

Bwlch Mine, Deganwy

Cae Coch Mine

Parys Mountain

1.5 Syn-tectonic 'Alpine-type' veins in North Wales

Manod Quarry

Coed Llyn y Garnedd

Penrhyn Quarry

1.6 Ordovician volcanism in the Lake District

Coniston Copper Mines

Dale Head North and South Veins

Seathwaite Copper Mines

1.7 Ordovician- to Devonian-age intrusions of the Lake District

Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill

Wet Swine Gill

Buckbarrow Beck

Water Crag

Long Comb

1.8 Stratabound gold-arsenopyrite mineralization, Wales

Dolaucothi Mine

1.9 Post-orogenic (A1) lead-zinc-copper mineralization in Central Wales

Darren Mine

Erglodd Mine

Eaglebrook Mine

Cwmystwyth Mine

Brynyrafr Mine

1.10 Mineralization associated with Devonian volcanism in South-west England

Lidcott Mine

Wheal Emily

1.11 Early Carboniferous extension-related mineralization — Mississippi Valley-type in Wales and Shropshire (including A2 mineralization in Central Wales)

Ceulan Mine Opencast

Nantiago Mine

Brynyrafr Mine

Nantymwyn Mine

Cwmystwyth Mine

Eaglebrook Mine

Halkyn Mountain

Pool Park and South Minera Mines

Pennant Mine

Great Orme Copper Mines

Huglith Mine

Snailbeach Mine

1.12 Late Carboniferous-early Permian Mississippi Valley-type mineralization of the Lake District, and the Northern Pennine and South Pennine orefields

Eagle Crag

Force Crag Mine

Lady's Rake Mine

West Rigg Opencut

Killhope Head

Smallcleugh Mine

Tynebottom Mine

Scordale Mines

Settlingstones Mine

Willyhole Mine

Fallowfield Mine

Closehouse Mine

Black Scar, Middleton Tyas

Cumpston Hill North and South Veins

Greenhow (Duck Street) Quarry

Blagill Mine

Gunnerside Gill, Swaledale

Foster's Hush

Pike Law Mines

Sir John's Mine

Stonecroft Mine

Dirtlow Rake and Pindale

Treak Cliff

Windy Knoll

Ecton Copper Mines

Masson Hill Mines

Fall Hill Quarry

1.13 Late Carboniferous-early Permian mineralization associated with the Cornubian Batholith

Skarns

Haytor Iron Mine

Red-a-Ven Mine, Meldon

Pegmatites and aplites

Trevalour Downs

Pegmatite Meldon Aplite Quarries

Tremearne Par

Greisens, stockworks, etc

Cameron Quarry (endogranitic)

St Michael's Mount (endogranitic)

Cligga Head

Mulberry Down Opencast (exogenetic)

Great Wheal Fortune

Tourmalinization

Priest's Cove, Cape Cornwall

Nanjizal Cove

Main-stage polymetallic veins

Cameron Quarry

Cligga Head

Wheal Coates

Trevaunance Cove, St Agnes

Wheal Alfred

Botallack Mine and Wheal Owles

Devon United Mine

Devon Great Consols

Penlee Quarry, Newlyn

Hingston Down Quarry and Consols

Great Wheal Fortune

Cross-course mineralization

Botallack Mine and Wheal Owles

Lockridge Mine

Penlee Quarry, Newlyn

Perran Beach to Holywell Bay

Wheal Penrose

Devon United Mine

Late-stage mineralization

South Tetras Mine

1.14 Permian-early Triassic iron ores of Cumbria

Florence Mine Nab Gill Mine

1.15 Triassic Fe-Mn mineralization in the Mendips and South Wales

Mwyndy Mine

Ogmore Coast

Compton Martin Ochre Mine

Hartcliff Rocks Quarry

1.16 Triassic evaporites and arid weathering products

Ben Knowle

Gipsy Lane Brick Pit

Warren Quarry

1.17 Mineralization related to Mesozoic basinal extension in South Wales, the Welsh Borderland and the Mendips

Ogmore Coast

Machen Quarry

Banwell Caves

Charterhouse Lead Orefield

Clevedon Shore

Wurt Pit

Dolyhir Quarry

1.18 Mesozoic-Tertiary sediment-hosted mineralization of the Cheshire Basin

Alderley Edge District

1.19 Pliocene to Pleistocene solution collapse and fill deposits in Derbyshire and Somerset

Portway Gravel Pits

Kirkham's Silica Sandpits

Banwell Ochre Caves

2. Sites showing other important aspects of mineralogy in England and Wales

2.1 Supergene alteration

Turf Copper Mine

Mynydd Nodol Mine

Machen Quarry

Parys Mountain

Llechweddhelyg Mine

Frongoch Mine

Drygill Mine

Roughtongill Mine

Red Gill Mine

Birk Fell Hawse Mine

Dale Head North and South Veins

Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill

Seathwaite Copper Mines

Pikedaw Calamine and Copper Mines

Willyhole Mine

Foster's Hush

Pike Law Mines

Newhurst Quarry

Penberthy Croft Mine

Alderley Edge District

2.2 Zeolitization

Dean Quarry, lizard Croft Quarry

2.3 Exceptional features

Glasdir Mine

Moel Hafod-Owen

Turf Copper Mine

Parys Mountain

Cae Coch Mine

Snailbeach Mine

Seathwaite Graphite Mine

Water Crag

Long Comb

Lady's Rake Mine

Pikedaw Calamine and Copper Mines

Foster's Hush

Pike Law Mines

Ton Mawr Quarry

Treak Cliff

Calton Hill

Wurt Pit

Gravel Hill Mine

Penberthy Croft Mine

Botallack Mine and Wheal Owles

Hope's Nose

Meldon Aplite Quarries

Alderley Edge District

2.4 Aesthetic specimens

Roughtongill Mine

Red Gill Mine

Dry Gill Mine

Florence Mine

Smallcleugh Mine

Scordale Mines

Blagill Mine

Settlingstones Mine

Fallowfield Mine

Treak Cliff

Parys Mountain

Manod Quarry

Hope's Nose

Wheal Alfred

2.5 Rare mineral species/parageneses

Benallt and Nant Mines

Bwlch Mine, Deganwy

Parys Mountain

Erglodd Mine

Eaglebrook Mine

Dolyhir Quarry

Llechweddhelyg Mine

Frongoch Mine

Seathwaite Graphite Mine

Buckbarrow Beck

Long Comb

Water Crag

Wet Swine Gill

Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill

Roughtongill Mine

Red Gill Mine

Dry Gill Mine

Seathwaite Copper Mines

Lady's Rake Mine

Tynebottom Mine

Biagill Mine

Fallowfield Mine

Settlingstones Mine

Closehouse Mine

Foster's Hush

Gipsy Lane Brick Pit

Warren Quarry

Botallack Mine and Wheal Owles

Cligga Head

Hope's Nose

Meldon Aplite Quarries

Penberthy Croft Mine

Red-a-Ven Mine, Meldon

Alderley Edge District

2.6 Type localities

High Down Quarry

Biagill Mine

Fallowfield Mine

Bage Mine

Benallt and Nant Mines

Parys Mountain

Botallack Mine and Wheal Owles

Cligga Head

Hingston Down Quarry and Consols

Hope's Nose

2.7 Mining history significance

Seathwaite Graphite Mine

Coniston Copper Mines

Dale Head North and South Veins

Carrock Mine–Brandy Gill

Roughtongill Mine

Red Gill Mine

Smallcleugh Mine

Lady's Rake Mine

Scordale Mines

Settlingstones Mine

Blawil Mine

Fallowfield Mine

Pikedaw Calamine and Copper Mines

Sir John's Mine

Gunnerside Gill, Swaledale

Parys Mountain

Cwmystwyth Mine

Great Orme Copper Mines

Pike Law Mines

Alderley Edge District

2.8 Understanding mineral sciences

Castle Hill Quarry

Windy Knoll Treak Cliff

(Table 1.2) Site selection criteria for sites fundamental to understanding the mineralization of England and Wales, tabulated on the basis of geographical distribution (* = national significance, I = international significance).

Selection Criteria

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

Site name

Lake District

Seathwaite Graphite Mine

Water Crag

Coniston Copper Mines

Birk Fell Hawse Mine

Dale Head North and South Veins

Wet Swine Gill

Carrock Mine– Brandy Gill

Buckbarrow Beck

Long Comb

Red Gill Mine

Roughtongill Mine

Dry Gill Mine

Eagle Crag

Florence Mine

Nab Gill Mine

Seathwaite Copper Mines

Force Crag Mine

Northern Pennines

West Rigg Opencut

Killhope Head

Smallcleugh Mine

l *

Selection Criteria

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

Site name

Tynebottom Mine

Sir John's Mine

Scordale Mines

Lady's Rake Mine

Willyhole Mine

Pike Law Mines

Blagill Mine

Settlingstones Mine

Stonecroft Mine

Fallowfielcl Mine

Closehouse Mine

Foster's Hush

Black Scar, Middleton Tyas

Cumpston Hill North and South Veins

Greenhow (Duck Street) Quarry

Pikedaw Calamine and Copper Mines

Gunnerside Gill, Swaledale

South Pennines Orefield: Cheshire, Leicestershire and Shropshire

Castle Hill Quarry, Mountsorrel

Selection Criteria

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

Site name

Croft Quarry

Newhurst Quarry

Warren Quarry

Gipsy Lane Brick Pit

Calton Hill

Masson Hill Mines

Dirtlow Rake and Pindale

Bage Mine

Fall Hill Quarry

Treak Cliff

Windy Knoll

Portway Gravel Pits

Kirkham's Silica Sandpits

Ecton Copper Mines

Alderley Edge District

Snailbeach Mine

Huglith Mine

Wales

Llyn Du Bach Complex

Benallt and Nant Mines

Tyllau Mwn

Bryn-Coch and Capel Hermon

Selection Criteria

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

Site name

Glasdir Mine

Moel Hafod-Owen

Turf Copper Mine

Foel-Ispri Mine

Cefn-Coch Mine

Friog Undercliff

Lliwedd Mine

Llanberis Mine

Cwm Tregalan–Shadow Gully

Llyn Cwellyn Mine

Bwlch Mine, Deganwy

Parys Mountain

Cae Coch Mine

Ffestiniog Granite Quarry

Afon Stwlan

Manod Quarry

•

Coed Llyn y Garnedd

Penrhyn Quarry

Dolaucothi Mine

Cwmystwyth Mine

Brynyrafr Mine

Darren Mine

Erglodd Mine

Eaglebrook Mine

Selection Criteria

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

_.1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

Site name

Ceulan Mine Opencast

Nantiago Mine

Nantymwyn Mine

Dolyhir Quarry

Halkyn Mountain

Pool Park and South Minera Mines

Pennant Mine

Great Orme Copper Mines

Mwyndy Mine

Ton Mawr Quarry

Ogmore Coast

Machen Quarry

Llechweddhelyg Mine

Frongoch Mine

Mynydd Nodol Mine

Mendip Hills

Banwell Caves

Banwell Ochre Caves

Ben Knowle

Charterhouse Lead Orefield

Selection Criteria

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

Site name

Clevedon Shore

Wurt Pit

Compton MartinOchre Mine

Hartcliff Rocks Quarry

South-west England

Meldon Aplite Quarries

Priest's Cove, Cape

Trevalour Downs Pegmatite

Tremeame Par

Red-a-Ven Mine, Meldon

Flaytor Iron Mine

Botallack Mine and Wheal Owles

Wheal Coates

Liddcott Mine

Wheal Emily

Cligga Head

Cameron Quarry

St Michael's Mount

Selection Criteria

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

Site name

Mulberry Down Opencast

Great Wheal Fortune

Nanjizal Cove

Devon Great Consols

Devon United Mine

Trevaunance Cove, St Agnes

Perran Beach to Holywell Bay

Lockridge Mine

South Terras Mine

Wheal Penrose

Wheal Alfred

Penberthy Croft Mine

Hope's Nose

High Down Quarry

Hingston DownQuarry and Consols

Penlee Quarry, Newlyn

Gravel Hill Mine

Dean Quarry, Lizard

(Table 4.1) Confirmed occurrences and relative abundances of ore minerals from the Alderley Edge mining district (from Braithwaite, 1994).

	Common	Uncommon	Rare	Very Rare
Main copper minerals
Carbonates (hydrated)	Azurite Malachite
Silicates (hydrated)	Chrysocolla			Plancheite
Sulphides	Covelline Djurleite	Chalcocite	Spionkopite
Cu-Fe sulphides	Bornite Chalcopyrite		Waite
Sulphates (hydrated)		Brochantite	Langite	Antlerite Posnjakite
Cu			Native copper
Oxide			Cuprite
Arsenates (hydrated)				Olivenite Tyrolite (sulphatian)
Main lead minerals				Olivenite Tyrolite (sulphatian)
Carbonate	Cerrusite
Sulphide	Galena
Chloro-phosphate + As	Pyromorphite
Sulphate			Anglesite
Ph-Cu-Fe-Al sulphate (hydrated)			Beayerite
Pb-Fe-As sulphate (hydrated)				Beudantite
Sulphato-carbonate (hydrated)				Leadhillite
Oxide				Minium
Molybdate				Wulfenite
Main zinc minerals
Sulphide		Sphalerite
Silicate (hydrated)				Hemimorphite
Carbonate				Smithsonite
Other species
Co-Ni-Mn complex (hydrated)	Asbolane
Fe oxide	Limonite
Fe-Ni sulphide		Bravoite
Ni-As sulphide		Gersdorffite
K-Fe sulphate (hydrated)		Jarosite
Fe-Cu sulphate (hydrated)		Melanterite var. pisanite
Fe sulphides		Pyrite		Macasite
Pb-Cu sulphate (hydrated)			Li nitrite
Pb-Cu vanadate + As (hydrated)			Mottramite
Ni-Co arsenide			Pararammelsbergite
Co-Fe sulphide + Zn, Ag			Tetrahedrite
Zn-Cu carbonate (hydrated)				Aurichalcite
Co arsenate (hydrated)				Erythritc
Pb-Cu-Al sulphate (hydrated)				Osarizawaite
K-Fe arsenate (hydrated)				Pharmacosiderite
Ag				Silver

(Table 5.1) Classification of Central Wales Orefield mineralization into the 'Early Complex' A1 and 'Late Simple' A2 groups. Minor/trace species are in italics; major phases are underlined. After Mason (1994, 1997).

A1 ('Early Complex') assemblages	A2 ('Late Simple') assemblages
Early Devonian isotopic age Post-Caledonian relaxation?	Early Carboniferous to Permian isotopic ages Mainly Variscan extension?
WEAK BRECCIATION	MAJOR BRECCIATION
A1-a Minor early Cu qtz + chalcopyrite + ferroan dolomite	A2-a Pb-Zn assemblage qtz + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + galena
BRECCIATION	MAJOR BRECCIATION
A1-b Early sphalerite assemblage + pyrite + sphalerite (with chalcopyrite disease) + ferroan dolomite + chlorite	A2-b Ullmannite-bearing Pb-Cu assemblage qtz + chalcopyrite + ullmannite + galena
MAJOR BRF.CCIATION	CRUSTIFORM OVERGROWTH
A1-c Polymetallic assemblage w_z + pyrite + siegenite + cobalt pentlandite + millerite + chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite + tucekite + ullmannite + gersdorffite + electrum + tetrahedrite + bournonite + boulangerite + galena	A2-c Calcite-dominated assemblage qtz + galena + sphalerite + calcite + chalcopyrite + pyrite
SHEARING OF SULPHIDES	CRUSTIFORM OVERGROWTH
A1-d Minor late veining chalcopyrite + galena + "honey-blende" sphalerite	A2-d Coarsely crystalline quartz qtz + chalcopyrite + pyrite lerite
LOCALLY MAJOR BRECCIATION	RELATIONSHIP UNKNOWN
A1-e Ferroan dolomite influx qtz + ferroan dolomite	A2-e Barium minerals assemblage qtz + sphalerite + galena + calcite + barite + witherite
LOCAL FRACTURING	MAJOR BRF.CCIATION AND TECTONISM
A1-f Late cavity-filling qtz + siegenite + cobalt pentlandite + millerite + chalcopyrite + galena	A2-f Iron sulphides assemblage + sphalerite + pyrite + marcasite
Important economic assemblages: A1-b (moderate Zn); A1-c (major Pb-Ag, moderate Cu); A1-f (minor Pb-Cu)	Important economic assemblages: A2-a (major Pb-Zn, minor Ag); A2-b (moderate Pb, Ag, Cu); A2-c ( locally major Pb-Zn); A2-e (locally major Pb, barite)

(Table 7.1) List of minerals recorded in the Wheal Edward-Wheal Cock-Wheal Owles area. From Elton and Hooper (1998).

Actinolite	Chalcopyrite	Kaolinite	Sphalerite
Agardite-(Ce)	Chrysocolla	Kasolite	Torbernite
Amorphous copper sillicate	Clinoclase	Langite	Tourmaline
	Connellite	Lavendulan	Triploidite
Anthophyllite	Copper	Limonite	Trogerite
Aragonite	Cordierite	Malachite	Tyuyamunite
Arsenopyrite	Compreignacite	Metanovacekite	Unidentified rare-earth calcium uranyl carbonate hydrate
Atacamite	Cumengeite	Metavoltine
Autunite	Cummingtonite	Metazeunerite
Barite	Cuprite	Mixite	Unknown basic lead uranyl carbonate
Biotite	Cuprosklodowskite	Neotocite
Bismuthinite	Dewindtite	Novacekite	Uraninite
Boltwoodite	Djurleite	Orthoclase	Uranophane
Bornite	Erythrite	Pharmocosiderite	Uranopilite
Botallackite	Fluorapatite	Phenakite	Vandendriesscheite
Brochantite	Fluorite	Phosphuranylite	Vivianite
Calcite	Galena	Pyrite	Widenmannite
Cassiterite	Goethite	Rutherfordine	Wolsendorfite
Cerrusite	Hematite	Saleeite	Zeunerite
Chalcedony	Ilmenite	Schoepite	Zippeite
Chalcocite	Johannite	Siderite

(Table 7.2) Output of representative St Agnes mines. Based on Mines of West Cornwall, and Dines, 1956).

Mine outputs
	Black tin (tons)	Approximate period
West Wheal Kitty	10 070	1881–1915
Wheal Kitty	9510	1853–1918
Polberro	4300	1837–1895
Penhalls	3610	1834–1896
Blue Hilts	2120	1858–1897

(Table 7.3) List of minerals recorded at the Penberthy Croft Mine GCR site. Mineral species in bold (96 species) have been confirmed; those in italics are fradulent, suspected or cases of analytical errors. 'UKPC2' and 'UKPC3' refer to 'Unknown Penberthy Croft' 2 and 3 — further research on these minerals is required. After Betterton (2010).

Adamite	Cassiterite	Jarosite	Pseudomalachite
Agardite-(Ce)	Ceruleite	Jeanbandyite	Pyrite
Agardite-(La)	Cerussite	Jordanite	Pyromorphite
Alloclasite	Chalcoalumite	Langite	Quartz
Anatase	Chalcocite	Laurionite	Redgillite (UK PC1)
Anglesite	Chakophyllite	Leadhillite	Rosasite
Ankerite	Chalcopyrite	Libethenite	Scheelite
Annabergite	Chlorargyrite	Linarite	Schulenbergite
Apatite-(CaF)	Chrysocolla	Liskeardite	Scorodite
Aragonite	Clinochlore	Malachite	Segnitite
Arseniosiderite	Connellite	Mansfieldite	Serpierite
Arsenolite	Copper (native)	Mattheddleite	Siderite
Arsenopyrite	Corkite	Millerite	Silver (native)
Atacamite	Cornubite	Mimetite	Smithsonite
Aurichalcite	Cornwallite	Mixite	Sphalerite
Azurite	Covellite	Monazite-(La)	Stannite
Bayldonite	Cuprite	Mottramite	Stilpnomelane
Beaverite	Cyanotrichite	Muscovite	Stolzite
Beraunite	Devilline	Natanite	Sulphur (native)
Beudantite	Dolomite	Olivenite	Tenorite
Bieberite	Duftite	Orthoclase	Tyrolite
Birnessite	Erythrite	Paratacamite	UK PC2
Bismuthinite	Galena	Parnauite	UK PC3
Bismutite	Goethite	Pharmacosiderite	Varlamoffite
Bornite	Gypsum	Philipsburgite	Woodwardite
Brochantite	Halite	Phosgenite	Wroewolfeite
Calcite	Halloysite	Pitticite	Zincolivenite
Caledonite	Hidalgoite	Plumbogummite
Carminite	Hornblende	Plumbojarosite

References