Jackson, Ian. Cumbria Rocks — 60 extraordinary rocky places that tell the story of the Cumbrian landscape. Newcastle upon Tyne : Northern Heritage, 2022.
The richly illustrated and accessible book series of Cumbria, Northumberland and Durham Rocks are available to purchase from Northern Heritage.
Theme: Volcanoes and molten rock
23 Tilberthwaite — cleavage, sediment deformation and faulting in green slates —. Lots of parking beside the old quarries
There used to be hundreds of mines and quarries in the Lake District. The little valley of Tilberthwaite was home to copper mines and slate quarries but only one small one is still working slate today.
The beautiful green slates you see on Lake District roofs, but more often nowadays as table mats and name plates, are rocks with a complicated story. The fact that they are included in a set of rocks known as the Borrowdale Volcanic Group is one complication. Quite often only part of their origin is volcanic; the other part is sedimentary. They are called volcano-sedimentary and they are a hybrid made up of hot dust, ash and rock fragments ejected from a volcano and then transported by water, wind or gravity. Those journeys result in some beautiful patterns in the stone, ripples that tell of flowing water currents, and even shaking by earthquakes.
There is another complication with slates; the flat surface of a roofing slate is not the original horizontal “bedding” surface when this was mud and volcanic debris around 450 million years ago. The rock suffered huge pressures within the Earth for millions of years afterwards and in response the particles were flattened at a completely different angle. It is this “pressured” surface, called cleavage, along which the slate naturally splits.
The vast 18th and 19th century roofing slate industry has gone and green slate is now the basis for a more select business: high value home and garden products which grace shop windows in Ambleside, Keswick and Grasmere. But you don’t have to buy to see green slate, just look down; some of the most beautiful examples which tell the stories of their origin make up the paths you walk along and the walls beside you.