Tables

(Table 1.1) Correlation of Quaternary deposits within the Thames system. Rejuvenations that have occurred since the Anglian glaciation are indicated. [Image only]

(Table 2.1) Lithostratigraphical classification of Upper Thames deposits.

Group	Formation	Member
	Northmoor Gravel (= Floodplain Terrace)
	Summertown-Radley	Eynsham Gravel
		Stanton Harcourt Gravel
		Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits
	Wolvercote Gravel	Wolvercote Channel Deposits
	Hanborough Gravel
Northern Drift	Freeland	Sugworth Channel Deposits
	Combe
	Wilcote
	Ramsden Heath
	Waterman's Lodge

(Table 2.2) Stratigraphical interpretation of the Upper Thames deposits advocated in this volume.

Formation	Member	Climate
Summertown-Radley	Unnamed upper gravel at Eynsham	Cold
	Eynsham Gravel	Temperate
	Stanton Harcourt Gravel	Cold
	Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits	Temperate
	Unnamed lower gravel at Summertown	Cold

(Table 2.3) Stratigraphical subdivisions of the Summertown-Radley Formation.

Lithostratigraphical unit	Terrace model (Chapter 1)	Oxygen Isotope Stage
Uppermost gravel at Eynsham	Phase 4	5d–2?
Eynsham Gravel Member	Phase 3	5e
Stanton Harcourt Gravel Member	Phases 2 and 4	6
Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits	Phase 3	7
Gravel underlying interglacial deposits at sites with Corbicula	Phase 2	8

(Table 3.1) Correlation of tributary and main Thames formations within the Pebble Gravel Group and other pre-diversion gravels in the Middle Thames and Vale of St Albans regions.

Stoke Row Gravel	Stanmore Pebble Gravel (500 ft) Gravel
Nettlebed Gravel
Gerrards Cross Gravel	Equivalents may be represented within undifferentiated gravels west of Lower Lea valley
Rassler Gravel
Beaconsfield Gravel
Satwell Gravel
Chorleywood Gravel		Pebble Gravel
Westland Green Gravel	Northaw Pebble Gravel (400 ft)
Stoke Row Gravel	Stanmore Pebble Gravel (500 ft)
Nettlebed Gravel

(Table 3.2) Clast-lithological data (in percentage of total count) from the Middle Thames and Vale of St Albans (compiled from various sources). The data concentrates on key sites, GCR sites and localities mentioned in the text. Note that many different size ranges are included and that these yield strikingly different data (this can be observed where results from different fractions from the same deposits have been analysed). As in (Table 4.2), (Table 5.1) and (Table 5.3), the igneous category includes metamorphic rocks (very rarely encountered) and the quartzite category includes durable sandstones. The Tertiary flint category comprises rounded pebbles (sometimes subsequently broken) reworked from the Palaeogene (see glossary with (Table 4.2)).

Gravel	Site	Sample	Sixe range	Tertiary	Total	Chalk	Gnsd chert	Total	Quartz	Quartzite	Carb chert	Rhax chert	Igneous	Total	Ratio qtz:qtzt	Total count	Source
Shepperton Gravel	Shepperton	1	8–32	4.2	95.4		1.1	1.1	2.3	1.2				3.5	1.85	569	Gibbard (1985)
	Bray		8–32	3.4	95.5		0.6	0.8	2.7	1.1				3.7	2.43	642	Gibbard (1985)
Kempton Park Gravel	Kempton	1	8–32	11.1	62.5		1.5	1.5	28.2	7.8				37.5	2.21	397	Gibbard (1985)
	Park
Taplow Gravel	Taplow	1	8–32	2.5	91.4		2.1	2.1	5.0	1.5				6.5	3.26	525	Gibbard (1985)
	Fern House Pit	1	8–32	5.3	93.4		1.5	1.5	1.8	3.2				5.0	0.57	778	Gibbard (1985)
Lynch Hill Gravel	Lynch Hill	1	8–32	8.3	91.3		1.9	1.9	4.1	2.7				6.8	0.57	635	Gibbard (1985)
	Cannoncourt	12	11.2–16	12.7	86.1		4.8	5.1	4.2	2.9	0.9	0.2	0.4	8.8	1.46	454	Harding et at (1991)
	Farm Pit	13	11.2–16	9.7	90.5		4.6	4.6	1.8	1.8	1.0	0.2		4.8	1.00	611	Harding et al. (1991)
	Switchback Pit	14	11.2–16	12.6	87.6		4.0	4.4	3.8	3.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	8.0	1.13	452	Harding et al. (1991)
Cannoncourt (tributary) gravel	Ca Fm Pit	15	11.2–16	1.9	96.1		2.8	3.1	0.2		0.7			0.9		459	Harding et al. (1991)
Boyn Hill Gravel	Boyn Hill	1	8–32	6.6	88.9		2.5	2.5	6.6	2.1				8.7	3.21	401	Gibhard (1985)

Black Park Gravel	Black Park	1	8–32	9.1	84.6		3.0	3.0	8.5	3.7				12.4	2.27	507	Gibbard (1985)
	Highlands Fm	1	8–32	5.1	86.4		0.8	0.8	6.3	5.9	0.5		0.2	12.9	1.08	662	Gibbard (1985)
Ugley Gravel	Ugley Park	1	16–32	32.5	68.1	13.3			2.7	0.6	1.8	0.2	1.5	20.3	4.50	671	Bridgland (1983a)
	Quarry	2	16–32	2.2	53.6	26.4			1.6	1.0	1.9	1	1.2	19.9	1.57	683	Bridgland (1983a)
		3	8–16	1.6	50.8	28.0			1.6	3.4	0.5	1	0.8	21.2	1.63	1139	Cheshire(1986a)
		5	8–16	0.6	44.7	38.1	0.1	0.1	0.5	1.6	0.2	0.9	0.9	17.1	0.33	1261	Cheshire(1986a)
	Westmill	11	8–64	•	61.8	21	•		4.5	8.5	•			•	0.53	440	Gibbard (1974. 1977)
	Westmill	14	8–64	•	63.2	19.8	•	•	11.6	3.8	•	•	•	•	3.02	444	Gibbard (1974, 1977)
Hoddesdon Gravel	Westmill	5	8–64	•	80.5	4.0	•	•	11.2	0.7	•	•	•	•	15.72	367	Gibbard (1974, 1977)
	Westmill	6	8–64	•	69.6	13.2	•	•	12.9	0.5	•	•	•	•	28.73	441	Gibbard (1974, 1977)
	Westmill	10	8–64	•	74.4	4.0	•	•	13.6	1.2	•	•	•	•	11.83	349	Gibbard (1974, 1977)
	Bullscross Farm	23	8–16	4.2	90.1		0.5	0.5	2.1	3.7	0.2	0.9	0.4	9.4	0.57	968	Cheshire (1986a)
Smug Oak Gravel	Moor Mill	1	8–64	•	80.6	1.2	•	•	16.5	1.6	•	•		•	10.31	428	Gibbard (1974)
		2	8–64	•	80.6	0.7	•	•	17.8	0.7	•	•		•	25.43	738	Gibbard (1974)
Westmill Lower Gravel	Westmill	1	8–64	•	88.3		•	•	9.3	1.1	•	•	•	•	8.45	451	Gibbard (1974, 1977)
		4	8–64	•	82.0	1.4	•	•	15.8	0.5	'	'	•	•	31.60	315	Gibbard (1974, 1977)
	Moor Mill	1	8–64	•	87.7	0.4	•		9.6	2.1	•	•		•	4.57	507	Gibbard (1974)
		2	8–64	•	89.6	0.4	•	•	11.3	2	•	•		•	5.65	455	Gibbard (1974)
Winter Hill Gravel	Winter Hill	1	8–32	6.4	81.0		6.6	6.6	9.8	2.4	0.2			12.4	4.08	500	Gibbard (1985)
	Mapledurham	1	8–32	5.9	72.8				17.1	8.5			0.6	27.2	2.01	340	Gibbard (1985)
	Stoke Common	1	8–32	8.0	82.8		1.4	1.4	9.9	4.4	0.3		0.8	15.8	2.25	667	Gibbard (1985)
Gerrards Cross Gravel	Gerrards Cr.	1	8–32	18.8	66.7		1.8	1.8	23.6	7.3			0.2	31.5	3.24	508	Gibbard (1985)
		2	8–32	18.9	57.0		1.4	1.4	31.7	8.1				41.6	3.92	507	Giblvard (1985)
		19	11.2–16	•	37.7		1.5	1.5	33.6	25.6	•		•	60.8	1.31	•	Green & McG. (1978a)
		21	11.2–16	•	41.9		3.4	3.4	17.6	34.4	•		•	54.7	0.51	•	Green & McG. (1978a)
	Westwood Qu.	1	8–32	15.3	57.6		1.4	1.4	27.2	10.4			0.3	41.0	2.61	595	Gibbard (1985)
		2	8–32	13.0	59.7		1.5	1.5	27.6	9.0	0.7		0.5	38.8	3.06	744	Gibbard (1985)
		25	11.2–16	•	51.8		2.8	2.8	21.2	22.0	1.0?		0.4	45.4	0.96	•	Given & KG. (1978I & c)
	Upper colluvial gravel	26	11.2–16	•	89.5		0.4	0.4	5.7	3.5				10.1	1.63	•	Green& McG. (197Ra & c)
Beaconsfield Gravel	Flackwell Hth	1	8–32	10.5	86.5		0.3	0.3	7.5	5.4	0.3			13.2	1.39	334	Gibbard (1985)
	Beaconsfield	1	8–32	9.8	47.4		1.0	1.0	42.9	8.7				52.6	4.94	622	Gibbard (1985)
		2	8–32	11.1	62.5		1.5	1.5	28.2	7.8				37.5	2.21	397	Gibbard (1985)
	Satwell Gravel Satwell	1	8–32	6.0	32.3				42.9	11.0			1	67.7	3.90	514	Gibbard(1985)
Additional formation?	Chorleywood	1	8–16	•	35.2		•	•	44.2	18.0	•		•	•	2.46	•	Moffat (1986)
		1	16–32	•	44.8		•	•	27.9	22.3	•		•	•	1.25	•	Moffat (1986)
		10	11.2–16	•	52.1		2.1	2.1	28.5	15.4	•		•	45.8	1.85	•	Green & McG. (1978a)
Gravel	Site	Sample	Sixe range	Tertiary	Total	Chalk	Gnsd chert	Total	Quartz	Quartzite	Carb chert	Rhax chert	Igneous	Total	Ratio qtz:qtzt	Total count	Source
Westland Green Gravels	Gray's Pond	1	8–32	13.2	88.2				7.0	4.6			0.2	11 8	1.50	517	Gibbard (1985)
	Chalfont	1	8–16	•	37.6		•	•	46.1	14.6	•			•	3.15	•	Moffat (1986)
	St Giles	1	16–32	•	56.5		•	•	22.1	15.9	•		•	•	1.33	•	Moffat (1986)
		2	8–16	'	33.7		•	•	42.6	19.3	•		'	•	2.21	•	Moffat (1986)
		2	16–32	•	51.1		•	•	20.1	16.9	•		•	•	1.19	•	Moffat (1986)
	Hodgemoor Wood	1	16–32	42.0	66.0		0.5	0.5	22.0	10.0	1.5		•	33.5	2.20	•	Hey (1965)
		86	11.2–16	•	52.2		0.7	0.7	26.4	18.8	•		•	47.0	1.40	•	Green& McG. (1978a)
	Westland Green	1	16–32	53.0	75.0		0.8	0.8	16.0	6.5	1.3		•	24.2	2.46	•	Hey (1965)
Stoke Row Gravel	Stoke Row	1	16–32	29.0	66.0				21.0	6.7	4.7		•	34	3.13	•	Hey (1965)
		2	8–32	15.4	46.1				49.9	3.8	0.3			53.9	3.16	369	Gibbard (1985)
	Bedmond	1	8–16	•	41.6		•	•	42.1	10.3	•		•	•	4.09	•	Moffat (1986)
		1	16–32	•	72.3		•	•	14.3	8.9	•		•	•	1.61	•	Moffat (1986)
	Sherrardspark Wood	1	8–16	•	36.4		•	•	42.8	10.1	•		•	•	4.24	•	Moffat (1986)
		1	16–32	•	74.8		•	•	14.2	6.7	•		•	•	2.12	•	Moffat (1986)
		2	8–16	29.8	40.7		0.1	0.1	42.0	12.9	2.9			59.2	3.26	•	Cheshire(1986a)
	Fumeux Pelham	1	16–32	52.9	74.6		0.2?	0.2?	18.7	6.0	0.5			25.1	3.12	418	Hey (pers. comm.)
		7	8–16	23.1	45.9		0.3	0.3	37.5	10.3	2.8		•	53.8	3.64	•	Cheshire (1986a)
		7	16–32	56.6	69.0		0.9	0.9	16.8	10.6	1.8		•	30.1	1.58	•	Cheshire (1986a)
Nettlebed Gravel	Nettlebed	1	8–16	•	83.9				11.9	0.6	1.8			16.1	19.83	•	Moffat (1986)
		1	16–32	•	96.2				1.4	0.3	1.7			3.8	4.67	•	Moffat (1986)
	Windmill Hill	C	8–32	32.0	85.0				10.6	4.2	0.2			15	2.55	719	Gibbard (1985)
		B	8–32	37.5	81.3				15.1	3.4	0.3			18.7	4.49	416	Gibbard (1985)
	GCR site, above organics	0	8–32	39.5	81.7				14.0	4.1	0.1			18.2	3.41	729	Gibbard (1985)
	Kimble Farm	1	8–32	32.8	92.7				3.9	3.0	0.5			7.3	1.30	281	Gibbard (1985)
Little Heath Deposit	Little Heath	1	8–16	•	99.5				0.2		0.3			0.5		•	Moffat (1986)
		1	16–32	•	95.0				3.1	0.2	1.7			5	15.50	•	Moffat (1986)
		2	8–16	•	99.8				0.1	0.1	0.1			0.2	1.00	•	Moffat (1986)
		2	16–32	•	95.6				3.2	0.1	1.1			4.4	32.00	•	Moffat (1986)
	Tributary gravels (Mole-Wry system)
Dollis Hill Gravel and similar	Dollis Hill	1	8–64	44.3	91.3		7.0	7.0	•	•	•			1.7		368	Gibbard (1979)
	Cockfosters	1	8–64	22.0	90.6		6.3	6.3	•	•	•			3.2		464	Gibbard (1979)
	Nursery Grove	1	8–16	45.6	74.8		11.3	11.3	7.4	2.4	•			13.9	3.08	1509	Cheshire (1986a)
	Bullscross Fm	11	8–16	56.0	86.1		9.3	9.3	1.8	0.4	1.1			4.6	4.50	1072	Cheshire (1986a)
Northaw Pebble Gravel	Northaw	1	16–32	78.0	92		0.7	0.7	4.4	2.2	0.7			8	2.00	•	Hey (1965)
	Great Wood	5	8–16	50.0	62.3		0.2	0.2	24.9	7.1	0.6			37.5	3.51	•	Cheshire (1986a)
		5	16–32	77.1	90.9		0.5	0.5	2.5	3.1				8.6	0.81	•	Cheshire(1986a)
Stanmore Pebble Gr.	Harrow	1	8–16	•	87.7		•	•	9.0	0.6	•			•	15.00	•	Moffat (1986)
	Weald Com.	1	16–32	•	98.9		•	•	0.3	0.3	•			•	1.00	•	Moffat (1986)
	• Information not provided by the source cited.

(Table 3.3) Post-Winter Hill terraces and gravel formations in the Middle Thames and Kennet valleys.

Thames		Kennet
Terrace	Gravel formation	Terrace	Gravel formation
Lower Floodplain	Shepperton	Beenham Grange *	*
Upper Floodplain	Kempton Park	within Thatcham?	*
Taplow⁺	Taplow⁺	Thatcham⁺	*
Lynch Hill	Lynch Hill	*	*
Boyn Hill	Boyn Hill	*	*
Black Park	Black Park	Hamstead Marshall	Silchester
Winter Hill	Winter Hill	Upper Winter Hill of Thomas (1961)	*
* not separately named. ⁺ lower and upper (geomorphological) divisions of the Taplow and Thatcham Terraces were recognized by Sealy and Sealy (1956) and Cheetham (1980) respectively. The validity of these is doubtful (see Fern House Pit).

(Table 3.4) Stratigraphy of the Thatcham Terrace deposits at Brimpton (after Bryant et al., 1983).

Lithology	* — Local pollen zones	Interpretation/age
1. Upper silty gravels	F — Non-arboreal pollen	Cold (stadial) late mid-Devensian (¹⁴C 27,400 ± 1250 BP (BM-1638))
2. Lower sandy gravels	E — Gramineae–Betula–Pinus	Brimpton Interstadial
	D — Cyperaceae–Betula	Cold (stadial)
	C — Betula–Pinus–Picea	Chelford Interstadial
	B — Non-arboreal pollen	Cold (stadial)
	A — Non-arboreal pollen–Betula–Pinus	Late Ipswichian or Wretton Interstadial

(Table 4.1) The Pleistocene fluvial sequence in the Lower Thames (first published usage of lithostratigraphical terms in reference given in parentheses), with proposed correlations with the Middle Thames sequence, Pleistocene stages and oxygen isotope stages.

Formation etc (First publication)	Type locality (National Grid Ref.)	Middle Thames equivalent	Stage	¹⁸O
East Tilbury Marshes Gravel (Bridgland, 1983b)	East Tilbury Marshes [TQ 688 784]	Kempton Park Gravel	mid to late Devensian	6–2⁷
(West Thurrock Gravel) (Gibbard et al., 1988)⁶	Lion Pit tramway cutting [TQ 597 779]	(Reading Town Gravel)⁶	(early Devensian)	(?5d)
Interglacial Beds at Trafalgar Square		Brentford deposits'	Ipswichian	5e
Mucking Gravel (Bridgland, 1983b)	Mucking [TQ 689 815]	Taplow Gravel	late Saalian	8–6⁴
Interglacial beds at West Thurrock, Aveley etc.			Intra-Saalian	7
Corbets Tey Gravel (Gibbard, 1985)	Corbets Tey [TQ 570 844]	Lynch Hill Gravel	mid-Saalian	10–8³
Interglacial beds at Purfleet and Grays			Intra-Saalian	9
Orsett Heath Gravel (Bridgland, 1983b)	Orsett Heath [TQ 668 803]	Boyn Hill Gravel	early Saalian	12–10²
Interglacial beds at Swanscombe			Hoxnian sensu Swanscombe	11²
(Dartford Heath Gravel) (Gibbard, 1979)'	Wansunt Pit [TQ 514 7360]	(?Black Park Gravel)	(late Anglian)	(12)
1 The separate existence of the Dartford Heath Gravel, the subject of a lengthy controversy, is doubtful (see Wansunt Pit). This is thought to be part of the late Anglian to early Saalian Orsett Heath Formation. 2 The Boyn Hill/Orsett Heath Formation includes the interglacial sediments at Swanscombe, here attributed to ¹⁸O Stage 11 (referred to as Hoxnian sensu Swanscombe in this volume). 3 Aggradation of the terrace deposits included within the Corbets Tey Formation began prior to the interglacial represented at Purfleet and Grays. 4 Aggradation of the terrace deposits included within the Mucking Formation began prior to the interglacial represented at West Thurrock, Aveley etc. 5 Described by Trimmer (1813) and Zeuner (1959). 6 The separate existence of the West Thurrock and Reading Town Gravels is disputed in this volume. These are believed to be part of the late Saalian Taplow/Mucking Formation (see West Thurrock and Fern House Pit). 7 The Ipswichian sediments at Trafalgar Square and Brentford are regarded here as part of the Kempton Park Formation (see Chapter 3, Fern House Pit). This formation is considered to represent aggradation from the end of Stage 6 (gravel underlying the Trafalgar Square sediments, the Spring Gardens Gravel of Gibbard, 1985) to the mid-Devensian.

(Table 4.2) Clast-lithological data from the Lower Thames. All counts by the author, at 16–32 mm size range, except those in italics, which are 11.2–16 mm counts. Note that non-durables (including Chalk) are excluded from the calculations, but Chalk is shown in this table as a relative % of the total durables.

(Table 5.1) Lithostratigraphy of fluvial gravels in Essex.

Gravel	Site	Sample	Teriary	Nodular	Total	⁽¹⁾ Chalk	Gnsd chert	Total	Quartz	Quartzite	Carb chert	Rhax chert	Igneous	Total	Ratio (qtz:qtzt)	Total count	National Grid Reference
East Tilbury Marshes Gr.	E.Tilhury Mshs	1 D	58.9	9.9	96.2		0.9	1.1	0.9	0.7	0.5	0.3	0.3	2.7	1.40	745	[TQ 6880 7843]
	11.2–16	1 D	49.5	6.6	92.2		1.5	1.6	3.2	1.4	0.6	0.2	0.1	6.1	2.21	979
Mucking Gravel	Lion Pit — lwr gravel	1 D	47.8	35.9	97.5	(1.1)	0.7	0.7	0.7	1.1				1.8	0.67	276	[TQ 5978 7821]
	('Floor') 11.2–16	1 D	50.2	19.6	95.7	(03)	0.6	0.6	1.8	0.9	0.6		0.3	3.7	2.00	327
	upper gravel ⁽²⁾	2 D	67.1	5.9	95.3		0.8	0.8		3.5				3.9		255	[TQ 5978 7809]
	11.2–16	2 D	59.4	3.2	94.2		1.1	1.1	1.9	1.5	0.4	0.4		4.7	1.29	465
	Mucking	1A D	64.0	9.3	97.0		1.1	1.1	0.9	0.6		0.1		1.8	1.50	708	[TQ 6892 8154]
	11.2–16	1A D	57.7	4.9	92.1		1.9	1.9	3.1	1.2	1.1	0.2	0.1	6.0	2.55	901
		113D	37.4	13.3	92.5		4.9	4.9	1.2	0.6	0.6	0.3		2.6	2.00	345
Corbets Tey Gravel	Stifford	1A	51.6	8.4	94.0		0.4	0.4	2.9	1.2	0.6	0.1	0.4	5.5	2.33	730	[TQ 5900 7908]
		1B	52.5	•	92.9		0.9	1.0	3.5	1.4	0.5	0.1		5.9	2.46	918
	11.2–16	1B	39.2	8.3	88.3		1.1	1.4	6.0	2.6	1.1	0.2	0.1	10.3	230	1277
	Belhus Park, organic bed ⁽³⁾	1	47.5	9.8	90.2	(0.3)	0.7	0.7	2.0	4.4	2.0	0.7		9.1	0.46	297	[TQ 575 811]
	Belhus Park, upper gravel ⁽³⁾	1	49.0	9.7	93.8				3.5	1.4	0.7		0.7	6.2	2.50	145
	Purfleet, Esso Pit	IA	44.8	16.9	91.8		0.5	0.5	2.5	3.0	1.6			7.4	0.82	366	[TQ 5607 7837]
	11.2–16	1A	36.3	7.6	86.6		1.0	1.1	3.9	3.7	3.1	0.5	0.2	11.7	1.04	618
		113	47.7	18.1	95.0	(37.3)	1.5	1.5	0.8	1.5	0.8	0.4		3.5	0.50	260
	Globe Pit	1 D	57.9	11.2	93.1		3.2	3.5	0.8	1.1	1.1	0.2		3.4	0.71	653	[TQ 6251 7830]
		2 D	50.2	10.5	93.2		3.1	3.1	1.3	0.7	0.7	0.8		3.7	2.00	617	[TQ 6251 7828]
	11.2–16	2 D	40.7	5.4	90.5		4.4	4.7	2.1	0.8	1.2	0.2	0.1	4.5	2.73	1456
		3 D	64.6	8.9	94.4		2.4	2.4	1.5	1.0	0.4			3.2	1.40	463	[TQ 6251 7827]
	Barvills Fm Pit	1 D	67.9	11.8	92.9		3.3	3.3	1.7	1.1	0.4	0.1		3.6	1.50	722	[TQ 6811 7774]
	11.2–16	1 D	55.6	5.6	91.8		2.7	2.9	2.2	1.7	1.1	0.3	03	5.3	2.08	1138
Orsett Heath Gravel	Homchurch	1	41.8	0.7	92.6		2.3	2.3	2.0	1.4	0.6	0.6		5.1	1.17	352	[TQ 5464 8739]
	railway cutting	2	28.9	11.7	90.2		1.6	1.9	1.9	2.3	1.6	0.9	0.9	7.9	0.80	429	[TQ 5464 8739]
	Homchurch Dell	1	54.0	7.7	91.7		1.5	1.5	2.1	2.8	1.2	0.4		6.7	0.78	676	[TQ 5440 8675]
	Globe Pit North ⁽⁴⁾	IA D	41.4	9.0	90.4		4.1	4.4	0.6	1.4	1.6	0.3		5.2	0.40	365	[TQ 6245 7855]
	Linford	1 D	64.6	11.6	96.0		2.2	2.4	0.7		0.2		0.2	1.7		424	[TQ 6681 8028]
		2 D	84.2	4.0	95.7		1.4	1.6		0.5		0.2	1.2	2.7		625	[TQ 6681 8028]
	71.2–16	2 D	28.0	3.6	91.3		1.1	1.2	3.9	23	0.6	0.2	0.5	7.4	1.73	665
Swanscombe Lower Middle Gravel	Bamfield Pit 1	1 D	58.2	9.8	93.9		0.9	1.2	2.4	1.8	0.5			4.8	1.37	1081	[TQ 5973 7430]
	11.2–16	1 D	50.9	5.3	89.9		2.1	23	4.4	2.0	0.8		0.1	7.7	2.21	1703
		2 D	48.5	12.7	92.7		1.9	2.0	1.9	1.8	0.5	0.1	0.2	5.0	1.05	992	[TQ 5973 7430]
	11.2–16	2 D	41.6	5.5	89.7		3.0	3.1	3.5	1.5	0.5	0.2	0.2	6.8	2.42	1 785
Swanscombe Lower Gravel	Barnfield Pit	3 D	55.5	8.3	94.3		1.0	1.0	2.3	1.3	0.5	0.2	0.1	4.5	1.75	931	[TQ 5974 7430]
	11.2–16	3 D	36.5	5.9	89.0	(0.1)	2.5	2.7	4.0	2.9	0.5	0.1	0.1	8.3	1.90	1391
		4 D	30.5	11.8	94.1	(0.4)	2.7	2.8	1.1	0.8	0.4	0.1		2.7	1.29	857	[TQ 5974 7430]
	11.2–16	4 D	28.1	8.8	90.6	(0.3)	3.5	3.8	2.7	1.5	0.9	0.2		5.6*	1.74	1494
* Not separately recorded

Central and northern Essex		Eastern Essex
Deposits of local rivers		Deposits of local rivers
Deposits of local rivers		Low-level East Essex Gravel Subgroup	East Essex Gravel Group
Anglian glacial deposits		High-level East Essex Gravel Subgroup
Low-level Kesgrave Subgroup	Kesgrave Sands and Gravels Group
High-level Kesgrave Subgroup	Kesgrave Sands and Gravels Group

(Table 5.2) Clast-lithological composition of the gravels described in Chapter 5, Part 1.

			Flint			Southern		Exotics
Gravel	Site	Sample	Tertiary	Nodular	Total	Gnsd chert	Total	Quartz	Quartzite	Carb chert	Rhax chert	Igneous	Total	Ratio (sthrn: q/qtzt)	Ration (qtz:qtzt	Total count	National Grid reference
Anglian glacial gravels	Ugley	1	41.9	23.7	87.9			3.5	0.8	1.5	0.4	1.9	11.9		4.55	520	[TL 516 278]
		2	3.6	37.6	87.1			2.6	1.7	2.1	1.7	1.9	12.6		1.56	420
Upper St Osyth Gravel	Fingringhoe	1A	15.4	13.0	80.8	2.4	2.4	4.1	4.3	4.1	1.4	0.8	16.8	0.29	0.95	369	[TM 0419 2017]
		113	15.9	13.7	81.7	0.7	0.7	5.7	6.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	17.7	0.05	0.84	453
	St Osyth	2	8.7	19.1	89.8	2.1	2.1	4.2	0.9	2.1		0.2	8.1	0.41	4.35	530	[TM 1196 1704]
	11.2–16	2(b)	14.9	9.4	78.4	2.4	2.4	11.9	1.0	2.7	0.4	0.3	18.8	0.18	12.50	714
Upper Holland Gravel	Bypass Rd.	1A	9.9	21.3	82.1	8.8	9.5	3.8	0.4	2.3		0.4	8.4	2.27	2.50	263	[TM 1161 1703]
		1B	12.6	16.1	74.8	18.6	19.6	2.5	0.6	1.3		0.6	5.7	6.20	4.00	317
	Earls Hall 1	1	11.5	11.3	75.8	21.7	21.7	0.3	0.8	0.5			2.2	19.75	0.33	364	[TM 1432 1625]
	11.2–16	1(b)	16.0	8.8	803	10.2	10.5	4.2	1.5	2.7	0.3	0.1	9.1	1.86	2.78	932
		2	13.6		77.6	15.0	15.0	3.0	0.3	2.8		0.8	7.2	4.50	11.11	361	[TM 1429 1625]
	Burrs Road	1	10.8	•	64.8	30.0	31.4	0.7		1.4	1.4		3.8	45.00		287	[TM 1926 1735]
		2	11.6		66.0	28.4	28.8	3.1		1.3	0.6		5.3	9.20		320	[TM 1927 1734]
	Holland-on-Sea	1	15.5	9.7	70.7	24.5	24.7	2.2	0.2	1.0	0.5		4.6	10.20	11.11	413	[TM 2108 1662]
		2A	15.7	9.0	68.9	25.1	25.1	3.0	0.7	0.7		0.3	6.0	6.70	4.35	267	[TM 2109 1663]
	(transitional?)	2B	23.7	13.5	71.3	15.6	16.1	4.7	5.2	1.4	0.2		12.6	1.62	0.90	422
Lower St Osyth Gravel	Fingringhoe	1C	31.4	12.5	85.1			4.8	8.0	1.9			14.9		0.60	376	[TM 0419 2017]
	Moverons	1	29.0	16.0	80.8	0.6	0.6	8.4	7.0	1.4		1.0	18.3	0.04	1.20	929	[TM 0711 1818]
		2	30.8	16.5	79.6	1.1	1.1	11.2	5.3	0.7		0.5	19.3	0.07	2.13	1031	[TM 0712 1819]
	11.2–16	2	32.3	5.9	73.5	1.6	1.7	14.2	7.6	1.7		0.8	29.7	0.08	1.89	1330
		3	31.8	13.1	77.5	0.6	0.7	11.4	7.8	1.3		0.7	21.7	0.04	1.47	994	[TM 0699 1825]
	St Osyth	1A	35.4		77.1	0.5	0.5	11.1	7.7	1.8		0.2	22.4	0.03	1.45	559	[TM 1161 1704]
		1B	30.6	•	79.8	1.5	1.6	10.4	4.9	1.3		0.7	18.6	0.10	2.13	748
	11.2–16	1B	30.1	7.7	78.0	1.7	1.7	12.5	4.8	2.0		0.5	20.2	0.10	2.63	1325
Lower Holland Gravel	St Osyth	3	31.6	16.8	83.1	1.4	1.4	10.3	2.7	1.6		0.5	15.3	0.11	3.29	561	[TM 1201 1703]
		5	21.8	10.8	80.0	4.6	4.9	5.8	6.8	1.8		0.3	15.1	0.39	0.85	325	[TM 1213 1665]
		6	29.5	16.0	81.2	2.2	2.5	8.8	5.3	1.3			16.0	0.18	1.67	319	[TM 1225 1688]
	Bush Paddock	1	43.3	10.5	83.9	4.8	5.1	5.9	3.7	0.8		0.3	11.0	0.53	1.59	647	[TM 1357 1611]
	11.2–16	1	40.8	5.7	75.6	10.5	10.8	9.2	2.4	08	0.1	0.2	13.6	0.79	3.85	1215
	Holland-on-Sea	2C	32.8	11.9	80.6	2 2	2.2	8.0	7.5	1.0		0.2	17.2	0.14	1.06	412	[TM 2109 1663]
		2D	26.7	13.9	81.5	1.8	1.8	9.2	5.6	1.1		0.3	16.5	0.12	1.64	655
	Holland Haven	lA	24.9		84.0	2.4	2.9	7.3	3.7	1.6	0.3	0.3	13.1	0.26	1.96	382	[TM 2208 1744]
		1B	34.6	14.6	83.1	2.3	3.1	9.6	4.6	0.4			13.9	0.24	2.08	260
		2	25.3		82.2	2.8	3.0	8.4	3.9	1.7	0.2	0.2	14.8	0.24	2.17	534	[TM 2205 1743]
	11.2–16	2	31.4	7.2	76.8	5.2	5.2	12.4	2.2	1.4	0.2	0.9	18.0	0.36	5.64	939
	Clacton cliffs	4C	33.9	15.2	81.3	8.5	9.0	3.2	4.4	1.2	0.7		9.7	1.18	0.72	433	[TM 1739 1433]
		4D	38.7	12.6	81.5	5.3	5.6	6.4	2.8	2.0		0.3	12.9	0.61	2.27	357
	11.2–16	4D	39.9	6.6	78.7	10.2	10.4	5.5	3.6	1.2	0.4		10.8	1.15	1.52	804
Wivenhoe Gravel	Wivenhoe	113	25.1	17.8	80.1	0.8	0.8	5.4	9.7	2.7		0.3	18.3	0.05	0.56	371	[TM 0494 2330]
	(Wiv.U.Gr.)	2A	30.4	14.7	74.6	0.4	0.7	12.4	9.5	14		0.4	24.7	0.03	1.31	283	[TM 0495 2358]
	Arlesford	1	36.0	8.1	73.6	0.4	0.4	14.2	8.1	2.6		0.7	26.0	0.02	1.75	458	[TM 0711 2192]
	11.2–16	1	31.1	4.7	66.1	1.4	1.4	17.7	10.6	2.1		1.1	32.4	0.05	1.67	716
		2	21.5	16.9	82.6	0.9	0.9	7.3	7.0	1.5		0.6	16.6	0.06	1.04	344	[TM 0711 2192]
Cooks Green Gravel	Cooks Grn	1A	21.3		83.8	3.2	3.2	7.2	3.5	10		0.5	13.0	0.30	2.04	625	[TM 1889 1856]
		1B	27.2	14.4	84.2	2.0	2.0	8.3	2.2	2.8			13.8	0.19	3.70	492
	11.2–16	1B	26.9	7.1	72.6	3.7	3.7	16.4	4.7	1.2		0.3	23.7	0.17	3.45	1205
		2	29.4	12.7	83.0	3.3	3.3	8.1	4.1	0.3		0.3	13.5	0.27	1.96	394	[TM 1898 1840]
	Gt Holland	1	25.5	19.1	84.0	1.7	1.7	8.4	6.0	0.7			16.0	0.12	1.41	419	[TM 2112 1892]
	11.2–16	1	25.9	8.6	80.3	3.1	3.2	8.9	5.5	1.8	0.1	0.2	16.5	0.22	1.61	1289
Little Oakley Silts and Sands	L Oakley	AB	33.6	12.6	87.4	0.8	0.8	4.2	5.9	1.7			11.8	0.08	0.71	119	[TM 2233 2952]
	11.2–16	AB	26.9	7.2	72.9	2.0	2.0	11.2	9.8	2 0			24.8	0.09	1.14	295
	AC	33.7	16.7	83.7	0.4	0.4	9.5	4.8	0.4			0.4	15.9	0.03	1.96	252	[TM 2223 2951]
	11.2–16	AC	29.7	8.5	73.1	1.6	1.6	13.2	9.1	1.2	0.1	0.6	25.2	0.07	1.45	674
		AF	26.0	14.3	80.3	1.8	1.8	9.4	6.3	1.3			17.9	0.11	1.49	223	[TM 2233 2946]
	11.2–16	Al^,	28.8	6.4	70.8	2.2	2.3	15.3	6.9	3.8		0.6	26.9	0.11	2.23	640
Martells Gravel	Ardleigh	3	20.5	14.1	76.6	1.6	1.6	10.4	8.2	1.4	0.2	0.8	21.9	0.08	1.26	512	[TM 0515 2800]
		4C	19.3	13.2	76.7	0.7	0.7	11.7	7.3	2.5	0.2	0.5	22.6	0.03	1.61	605	[TM 0519 2807]
	11.2–16	4C	26.2	6.5	72.5	1.0	1.2	14.3	7.6	2.7	0.3	1.0	21.8	0.05	1.89	596
Ardleigh Gravel	Ardleigh	1	26.8	15.4	75.6	0.7	0.7	11.9	7.5	0.8		1.5	23.6	0.04	1.58	590	[TM 0536 2802]
	11.2–16	1	27.1	7.7	72.3	1.3	1.7	15.9	7.3	2.2		0.2	25.9	0.07	2.13	1008
		2	23.7	19.2	80.0	1.3	1.5	9.3	5.4	2.0			17.7	0.10	1.72	615	[TM 0533 2805]
	11.2–16	2	29.0	6.4	69.9	0.7	1.0	14.9	9.5	3.0		0.7	29.1	0.04	1.57	1219
		411	29.3	13.0	75.4	1.3	1.3	9.8	9.4	1.1		1.1	23.0	0.07	1.04	447	[TM 0519 2807]
	(Ardleigh L.Gr.)	4A	33.3	12.7	72.0	0.4	0.4	11.4	13.9	1.1		0.9	27.5	0.01	0.82	553
Oakley Gravel	Dovercourt	DA	30.3	12.1	79.2	2.1	2.4	9.8	4.7	1.6		1.1	18.5	0.17	2.08	379	[TM 2328 3027]
	11.2–16	DA	25.3	83	75.0	4.7	4.9	11.7	5.5	1.7			20.1	0.28	2.13	783
	Little Oakley	KA	30.3	15.5	80.2	2.0	2.0	8.6	7.2	0.6	0.2	0.3	17.8	0.13	1.19	653	[TM 2191 2947]
	11.2–16	KA	25.7	9.1	76.4	2.1	2.2	11.9	7.0	1.9	0.2	0.3	213	0.12	1.70	673
Waldringfield Gravel	Newney	1	52.9	•	72.5	0.5	0.5	10.5	11.7	0.8		1.2	26.5	0.02	0.90	599	TL 645 064]
	Green	2	55.3	4.1	70.6	0.6	0.6	14.7	10.2	0.8		0.6	24.9	0.02	1.45	490
	Mistley Hth	1	26.3	13.7	82.7	1.6	1.6	9.6	9.0	1.6			15.6	0.09	1.06	365	[TM 1282 3125]
* Not separately recorded ⁽¹⁾ (for comparison. N.B. non-durables excluded — see, however, (Table 3.1), and notes appended to (Table 4.2)., page 181)

(Table 5.3) Correlation of gravel formations in Essex within the Kesgrave Group with deposits in other areas.[Image only]

(Table 5.4) The Pleistocene sequence at Newney Green (after Rose et al., 1978; Whiteman, 1990; see also (Figure 5.6)). [Image only]

(Table 5.5) Clast-lithological composition of gravels described in Chapter 5, Parts 2 and 3.

			Flint			Southern			Exotics
Gravel	Site	Sample	Teriary	Nodular	Total	⁽Gnsd chert	Hastings Beds	Total	Quartz	Quartzite	Carb chert	Rhax chert	Total	Ratio (sthrn: q/qtzt	Ratio (qtz:qtzt)	Total count	National Grid Reference
Tributary gravels
Blackwater Terrace 2	Gt Totham	1	31.7	10.0	80.5	0.2		0.2	8.7	7.2	2.0	0.5	19.0	0.01	1.20	609	[TL 865 091]
	71.2–16	1	28.4	5.7	78.1	7.1		1.1	9.8	6.4	2.7	0.2	20.5	0.07	1.53	1092
	gravel	2	41.2	9.8	78.6				11.2	8.5	0.8	0.6	21.2		1.32	481.0	[TL 865 091]
	11.2–16	2	34.3	5.2	77.8	0.4		0.4	11.8	6.8	1.6	0.4	21.8	0.02	1.72	834
E. Mersea Restaurant Gravel	Restmt site	1	35.4	12.7	85.2	7.4		7.6	4.6	2.0	0.3	0.3	7.1	1.07	2.25	393	[TM 0526 1362]
	11.2–16	1	41.5	4.2	83.1	83		8.4	4.3	23	1.0	0.1	8.4	1.26	1.86	1197
	Hippo site	1	42.2	12.9	83.7	6.2		6.2	4.0	4.0	1.1	0.2	10.2	0.78	1.00	630	[TM 0653 1434]
Tollesbury Gravel	Garlands Fm	IA	37.8	12.9	83.6				9.4	3.5	1.1	0.1	16.2		2.71	805	[TL 9467 1059]
		I B	40.4	*	82.6	0.1		0.1	11.6	3.9	0.4		17.3	0.01	3.00	987
	11.2–16	1B	33.9	8.6	77.5	0.5		0.5	14.7	3.1	1.8		22.0	0.03	4.72	1475
Gravel above Maldon Till	Maldon	1	32.1	18.2	78.8				7.3	8.5	1.2		21.2		0.86	411	[TL 8417 0670]
	112–16	1	28.2	80	65.0	1.2		1.5	18.4	7.4	1.8	03	33.1	0.06	2.50	326
	11.2–16	3	25.5	73	74.2	0.4		0.4	113	8.0	1.8		25.1	0.02	1.41	275
Anglian glacial gravel	Ugley	1	41.9	23.7	87.9				3.5	0.8	1.5	0.4	11.9		0.22	520	[TL 516 278]
		2	3.6	37.6	87.1				2.6	1.7	2.1	1.7	12.6		0.64	420
Brightlingsea Gravel		1	26.4	12.9	80.5	0.3		0.3	11.0	8.2	1.9		21.4	0.01	1.33	364	TM 1282 3125]
	11.2–16	2	27.8	73.0	0.9			0.9	153	70	2.5	0.4	26.1	0.09	2.18	800
	East Mersea Hippo site, gravel in brickearth	1	44.4	12.5	84.7	11.6		11.6	1.6	1.9		0.3	3.8	3.36	0.83	320	[TM 0652 1434]
Low-level East Essex Gravel
Barling/Dammer Wick Gravel	D. Wick	1	52.0	14.5	88.3	10.6		10.9	0.4	0.4			0.8	14.00	1.00	256	[TQ 9614 9268]
	11.2–16	1	46.9	2.4	87.8	9.8		10.0	0.9	0.4	0.5	0.4	2.3	7.50	2.33	752
	Barling	1	33.7	*	80.4	18.6		18.6	1.0				1.0	19.00		306	[TQ 9318 9018]
Mersea Island Gravel	West Mersea	1	38.6	*	82.4	14.0	0.2	14.2	1.9	0.9		0.3	3.5	5.13	2.20	578	[TM 0134 1361]
		2	44.8	7.9	87.7	9.5		10.0	1.2	0.2	0.5		2.3	7.17	5.00	431	[TM 0144 1373]
	Fen Farm	1	47.6	*	87.2	10.7		10.7	1.5	0.4	0.2		2.2	5.50	4.00	553	[TM 0590 1444]
		2	52.3	2.9	90.0	7.6		7.6	1.2	0.6	0.2	0.4	2.3	4.33	2.00	512	[TM 0583 1437]
	71.2–16	2	47.5	2.9	88.2	8.7		8.7	1.7	0.5	0.4	0.1	3.1	3.86	3.38	1573
	Cudmore Grove	1	47.1	11.6	89.9	6.7		6.8	1.1	1.5	0.3	0.2	3.3	2.57	0.75	1061	[TM 0667 1451]
		2	45.3	8.8	85.0	11.5		11.6	1.4	1.0	0.7		3.4	4.88	1.29	671	[TM 0676 1458]
	Point Clear	I	33.1	*	77.3	19.9	0.2	20.1	0.9		0.7	0.4	2.6	22.80		568	[TM 1023 1480]
	Cudmore Grove Channel	1	40.2	11.6	85.0	14.0		14.0	0.7	0.3			1.0	14.00	2.00	301	TM 0664 1447]
	lag gravel^{( 12}⁾11.2–16	1	48.1	4.1	86.9	9.9	0.6	10.8	1.3	0.7	0.4		2.4	5.50	1.80	715
Wigborough Gravel	Wigborough	1A	42.9	*	85.0	4.1	0.3	4.4	5.9	3.4	0.3		10.1	0.53	1.75	387	[TM 1176 1447]
	Wick	113	40.4	8.0	79.7	6.7	0.2	7.1	8.0	3.5	0.5		13.1	0.62	2.25	565
	Jaywick	1	51.0	4.3	81.3	4.8		4.8	7.0	5.3	0.2		13.7	0.39	1.32	416	[TM 1502 1419]
	11.2–16	1	42.1	4.1	82.4	6.0		6.0	7.3	2.0	0.7	0.2	11.6	0.65	3.69	813
Upper gravel at West Cliff	Clacton	4A	45.0	10.5	89.1	8.1		8.1	0.8	0.9	0.9		2.8	4.62	0.86	742	[TM 1739 1433]
	cliffs	413	41.0	8.1	83.8	13.4		13.4	0.4	0.9	1.3		2.9	10.17	0.50	456
	11.2–16	4B	51.4	4.6	86.6	8.9		9.0	2.7	1.4	0.2	0.2	4.4	2.18	1.94	1217
Clacton Channel Gravel	Lion Point	1	28.2	*	79.2	17.8		17.8	1.2	1.5	0.3		3.1	6.57	0.75	259	[TM 1445 1274]
		2	42.3	9.8	86.9	8.9	0.3	9.2	2.6	0.7	0.3		3.9	2.80	4.00	305	TM 1445 1274]
	11.2–16	2	46.5	5.6	88.9	6.1		6.1	2.2	0.7	0.7	0.4	4.9	2.10	3.20	721
	Butlins	1	46.0	9.3	90.1	7.2		7.2	1.5	0.3	0.6		2.4	4.00	4.00	335	[TM 1546 1382]
	11.2–16	1	39.8	4.9	85.9	8.0	0.1	8.2	2.2	23	0.4	0.4	5.7	1.86	0.95	973
Southchurch/Asheldham Gravel	Southend	1	33.6	*	76.2	20.9		21.2	0.7	0.2	0.5	1.1	2.6	26.00	4.00	613	[TQ 8962 8750]
	Goldsands	1A	41.6	*	84.0	12,8		13.5	0.9		0.5	0.9	2.3	15.00		445	[TQ 9609 9901]
	Pit	1B³'	51.7	*	88.8	9.50	0.2	9.9	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.1	1.4	14.17	1.00	862
		2^,30	41.3	11.9	88.0	10.0		10.2	1.1	0.4	0.2	0.1	1.8	7.08	3.00	834	[TQ 9608 9897]

Chalkwell/Caidge Gravel	Caidge Fm	1	44.7	10.3	74.6	23.7	1.3	25.2	0.3				0.3	98.00		389	[TQ 9471 9940]
	11.2–16	1	38.4	5.9	69.1	29.4	1.2	30.9								524
	Chalkwell Pk	1	58.9	2.4	55.1	15.2					0.2		0.2			494	[TQ 8579 8636]
Canewdon./St Lawrence Gravel	St Law.	1	11.2	*	36.3	62.6		63.2		0.2	0.2		0.4	289.00		457	[TL 9677 0408]
	11.2–16	1⁽⁴⁾	9.8	1.9	34.6	65.1		65.4								1069
	Canewdon	1B	45.5	9.8	73.0	26.2	0.5	26.9		0.2			0.2	167.00		622	[TQ 8973 9468]
Belfairs/MaylandGravel	Bovill Uplands	1A	60.3	*	85.5	14.0	0.3	14.2		0.3			0.3	54.00		380	[TQ 9252 9998]
		1C	46.6	13.3	74.4	24.1	0.6	25.6								324
	11.2–16	1C	503	3.7	72.8	25.6	1.1	27.0								644
	Belfairs Pk	1	39.5	8.4	65.2	34.1	0.3	34.5			0.3		0.3			299	[TQ 8336 8764]
Ashingdon Gravel	Mount View	1	43.2	*	80.3	19.7		19.7								620	[TQ 8545 9339]
	11.2–16	1	46.2	3.3	75.2	23.9	0.1	243		0.1			03	184.00		757
Oakwood Gravel	Oakwood	1	62.9	6.8	73.1	26.7	0.2	26.9								558	[TQ 8234 8839]
	11.2–16	1	44.6	3.1	69.0	30.2	0.4	30.9			0.2		0.2			1099
Daws Heath Gravel	Daws Heath	1	63.5	8.3	86.1	13.2	0.3	13.7			0.2		0.2			613	[TQ 8068 8887]
	11.2–16	1	523	2.5	76.5	22.4	0.6	23.3			0.2		0.2			1200
Claydons Gravel	Claydons	1	72.7	2.7	89.9	9.6	0.2	10.0								553	[TQ 8017 8896]
	11.2–16	1	61.2	2.0	83.9	15.8		16.0	0.1				0.1	112.00		701

(Table 5.6) Gravel formations in eastern Essex. [Image only]

(Table 5.7) Ostracods from Great Totham (identifications by T. Allen).

		Height (cm) above base of organic clays and silts
Species	Group	0–15	15–30	30–50	50–70	70–90
Cyclocypris-serena (Koch)	1	—	Common	Very rare	—	—
Candona candida (Müller)	2	Very rare	Common	Common	Very rare	—
Candona neglecta Sars	2	Very rare	Abundant	Abundant	Very rare	—
Ilyocypris bradyi Sars	2	—	Common	Common	—	—
Cypria opbthalmica (Jurine)	3	—	Common	Very rare	—	—
Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr)	4	Very rare	Very common	Common	—	—
Eucypris zenkeri (Chyzer)	4	—	Rare	—	—	—
Limnocythere inopinata (Baird)	4	—	Rare	Very rare	—	—
Herpetocypris sp.	?	—	Rare	Very rare	—	—
Potamocypris sp.	?	—	-- Very rare	Very rare	—	—
Overall frequency		Very rare	Very common	Common	Very rare	Absent

(Table 5.8) Plant macrofossils from Lofts Farm Pit, Great Totham (identifications by M. Pettit).

	Height above London Clay
	2m	2.5m	3m
Ranunculus subgenus Ranunculus	la	—	1a
Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium	8.5a	9.5a	5a
Potentilla anserina	1a	—	—
Potentilla sp.	2a	2a	5a
Wok sp.	—	is	—
Silerze vulgaris cf. subspecies ( maritima)	1s	is	—
Carex sp.	7n	6n	3n
Scirpus lacustris	1n	—	—
Eleocharis palustris	2n	—	—
Potamegeton sp.	20fst	20fst	20fst
Zannichellia palustris	16a	22a	3a
Hippuris vulgaris	—	4a	—
Linum perennes subspecies (anglicum)	—	1s	1s
Moss fragment	—	+	—
a: achene; n: nut; fst: fruitstone; s: seed.

References