Smith, D.B. 1995. Marine Permian of England. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 8. JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 0412 61080 9.
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This coastal section is the best exposure of late Permian marine strata in Cumbria and is also one of the best exposures of early Permian continental breccias (brockram) and of the underlying Carboniferous–Permian unconformity; the strata exposed lie at the base of the local Permian sequence, higher parts of which are not exposed, but are known from many local exploratory boreholes.
The marine strata are represented by about 4.6 m of varied shallow-water shelly dolomite that was formed near the eastern margin of the Bakevellia Sea, and the underlying breccia is thought to have been a water-laid desert sheet gravel and which may have become stabilized so as to form a desert pavement.
The classic Barrowmouth Beach section lies at the southern end of Saltom Bay, Whitehaven, Cumbria and comprises a rugged marine rock platform up to about 25 m wide backed by a near-vertical sea-cliff a few metres high. About 7.0 m of Permian strata dip south-westwards at about 5 degrees and are exposed for about 150 m.
The section was first mentioned by Sedgwick (1836), and was later discussed by Binney (1855), Murchison and Harkness (1864), Goodchild (1893) and Eastwood et al. (1931); more recently it was recorded by Arthurton and Hemingway (1972), who nominated it as the type locality of the Saltom Dolomite, and by Macchi (1990) who presented a graphic section. All these authors agree on the Permian age and basin-marginal significance of the 'Magnesian Limestone' that forms the main part of the exposure, but they differ in detail in their recording of the section.
The position of the site and its boundaries is shown on
| Average thickness (m) | |
| 7 Clay/mudstone, ?dolomitic, variegated in shades of yellow, buff, grey and pale purple, flaky | 0.15+ |
| 6 Dolomite, calcitic, or dolomitic limestone, mainly olive-buff and grey-buff, finely crystalline, in four to six uneven thin beds; some thin ?argillaceous layers; 0–40 mm nodular bed at top | c. 0.52 |
| 5 Dolomite, argillaceous or dolomitic mudstone, buff and buff-grey, soft, shaly to flasery, with scattered poorly-preserved plant remains; 40–70 mm bed of buff and grey, microporous, finely crystalline dolomitic limestone, 0.40–0.50 m above base | c. 0.75 |
| 4 Dolomite, dark buff, calcitic, finely saccharoidal, in uneven thin beds with wavy partings of shaly dolomite; slightly uneven top with thin discontinuous layer of blue-black hematitic dolomite | c. 0.50 |
| 3 Dolomite, buff, calcitic, finely saccharoidal, unevenly thin- to medium-bedded, partly plane-laminated | c. 0.45 |
| 2 Dolomite, buff, calcitic, finely saccharoidal, thin- to thick-bedded with flasery olive partings towards top; partly cavernous, with few to abundant bioclast moulds; many purple-stained angular rock fragments in lowest 0.25–0.30 m; slight onlap at sharp base (relief c. 0.15 m) | c. 3.10 |
| 1 Breccio-conglomerate of purple and red-stained, angular to subrounded pebbles, cobbles and small boulders; mainly crudely-bedded; tough matrix of dolomite-cemented sandstone | c. 1.60 |
Unconformity, sharp, local relief 0.3 m, with polygonal neptunian sandstone dykes extending up to 0.9 m into underlying reddened (purple) Whitehaven Sandstone (Upper Carboniferous).
In this section, bed 1 is the Brockram of B. Smith (1924), Lower Brockram of Hollingworth (1942) and Basal Breccia of Arthurton and Hemingway (1972); in parts of the designated area it thins to as little as 0.2 m. Details of this continental deposit are beyond the scope of this volume but were given by, amongst others, B. Smith (1924), Eastwood et al. (1931), Arthurton and Hemingway (1972) and Macchi (1990). Higher beds in the section
All the carbonate rocks in the Saltom Bay section contain scattered, mainly small cavities (now calcite-lined) after former sulphates, and in some beds small concordantly-elongated cavities are so numerous as to give the rock a 'birciseye' (fenestral)-like fabric. No true fenestral fabric was seen by the writer, however, who was also unable to identify with certainty the algal lamination recorded high in the section by some authors. Dedolomitization of parts of the carbonate rocks was inferred by Arthurton and Hemingway (1972), and presumably accompanied the dissolution of the former sulphate during Tertiary or later uplift. Although a number of the thin argillaceous layers in the section resemble dissolution residues from bedded evaporites, none is associated with evidence of collapse-brecciation and an origin as residues after substantial thicknesses of evaporite is therefore unlikely. The dark grey to black layer at the top of bed 4 may be a mineralized crust or hardground.
The abundant fossils in bed 2 belong to a few species of bivalves and gastropods and were listed by Eastwood et al. (1931, p. 217) and Pattison (1970). Pattison noted that the bivalves Bakevellia (B.) binneyi and Permophorus costatus are the commonest fossils in this bed here, at nearby surface exposures and in borehole cores from the vicinity; he figured Permophorus from Saltom Bay (1970, plate 21, fig. 9). The foraminifer Agathammina pusilla is also present (Pattison, 1969).
The steep unstable slope backing the designated area is overgrown and has a confused hummocky surface caused by tipping, hill-creep, landslips and mudflows. Few exposures are of rocks in situ, but earlier records (e.g. Sedgwick, 1836; Binney, 1855; Eastwood et al., 1931) show that the slope is composed mainly of thinly interbedded and interlaminated dark brick-red mudstone and siltstone of the St Bees Shales (?60 m) which overlie the St Bees Evaporites (c. 20 m) of which the Saltom Dolomite is here the basal unit. A 7.6 m gypsum/anhydrite noted low in the sequence by Binney (1855) was formerly worked in galleries up to 9 m high at the nearby Barrowmouth Alabaster Mine which closed in 1908 when the workings encountered an unprofitably high proportion of anhydrite; Binney's view on the low position of the gypsum/ anhydrite bed was disputed by B. Smith (in Eastwood et al., 1931) who suggested that it was separated from the limestone by 'a considerable thickness of shale'. It is likely to be either the Sandwith Anhydrite of Arthurton and Hemingway (1972) or a combination of the Sandwith Anhydrite and the Fleswick Anhydrite.
The low cliff overlooking Barrowmouth Beach is by far the largest and best exposure of the 'Magnesian Limestone' of West Cumbria and the wave-swept rock platform affords an unrivalled view of the underlying 'Brockram' and of the unconformity between Permian strata and the eroded and deeply reddened Upper Carboniferous Whitehaven Sandstone; the hiatus represented by the unconformity probably spans at least 60 million years. The section is doubly important in that it is also the best exposure of marginal strata of the Bakevellia Sea Basin; it lies close to, or on, the Ramsey–Whitehaven Ridge and thus throws light on Permian sedimentation near the margins of both the Solway Firth and East Irish Sea sub-basins.
Permian continental breccias and 'Magnesian Limestone' are, or have been, exposed in a number of small quarries and natural exposures in the Whitehaven area and were recorded by Eastwood et al. (1931); some of the quarries have now been filled and most of the other sections are overgrown. The surface exposures, however, afford only a small part of the available information on the local Permian sequence, most of which comes from numerous coal, iron ore and gypsum/ anhydrite exploration boreholes (Eastwood et al., 1931; Taylor, 1961; Meyer, 1965; Arthurton and Hemingway, 1972). Analysis of the borehole information by Arthurton and Hemingway revealed that the basal marine units are sharply varied in thickness, up to a maximum of about 15 m, and comprise a diverse mosaic of facies types indicative of a range of nearshore depositional environments; the lower part of the basal carbonate rocks passes south-eastwards into dolomitic siliciclastic siltstone, the Saltom Siltstone, which is thought to be absent at the Barrowmouth section unless it is represented by bed 5.
If Arthurton and Hemingway were correct in assigning beds 2–6 inclusive to the Saltom Dolomite, the carbonate rocks at Barrowmouth would be the whole of the carbonate member of the incomplete first or Saltom Cycle (= Cycle BS1 of Jackson et al., 1987) (
Full understanding of the significance of the Barrowmouth Beach section is severely hampered by an almost complete lack of detailed knowledge of the petrography, geochemistry and sedimentology of the rocks exposed. These aspects ought to be addressed in the light of further detailed analysis of cores from nearby boreholes.
The cliff section backing Barrowmouth Beach is the only GCR she in marine Permian strata near the eastern margin of the Bakevellia Sea basin. It is the best coastal exposure of Permian sedimentary rocks and of the underlying Carboniferous–Permian unconformity in Cumbria. The cliff exhibits a sequence of early Permian continental breccias (brockram), the products of erosion of the early Permian uplands, overlain by late Permian shallow marine dolomitized limestones that contain fossil-rich layers. The site has considerable potential for future study and research, particularly into the petrological, geochemical and sedimentological aspects of the sequence, together with the relationships of this site to sequences revealed by detailed analysis of cores from nearby boreholes.