Cleal, C.J. & Thomas, B.A. 1995. Palaeozoic Palaeobotany of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 9. JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 0 412 61090 6.
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Lennel Braes is of considerable historical interest as being the origin of some of the earliest described thin sections of fossil wood. The techniques developed here were of fundamental significance to the development of palaeobotany and petrology.
This locality, in the bed of the River Tweed, near Coldstream, Borders Region, Scotland
It is of particular historical interest, however, as the origin of some of the specimens used in Witham's pioneering work on fossil wood thin sections (Witham, 1831, 1833; see also Scott, 1899). Subsequently, adpressions were recorded from here by Kidston (1901a, 1923c, 1924), and further petrifactions by Long (1963, 1964a, 1975).
The only account of the stratigraphy is that given by Witham (1831). It is unclear where precisely in the Cementstone Group the concretion-bearing shales lie. Not all the 14 metres of rock described by Witham can still be seen, but the shales at the base of the section are still exposed and are where Long (1963) reported plant fossils. Stratigraphically diagnostic faunas have not been reported from here and so its exact age is uncertain. However, evidence from other localities suggest that the Cementstone Group is mainly late Tournaisian (Scott et al., 1984). The environment represented was probably lacustrine.
Only a limited assemblage has been reported from here to date, including the following petrifactions, all of which are pteridosperm (probably Lagenostomopsida and Calamopityales) remains.
Pitus antiqua Witham
Lyginopteris papilio Kidston
Stenomyelon tuediana Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan
Dolichosperma pentagonum Long
Eurystoma burnense Long
In addition, the following adpressions have been found:
Lycopsida:
Lepidodendron sp.
Stigmaria ficoides (Sternberg) Brongniart
Lagenostomopsida:
Diplothmema patentissima (Ettingshausen) Stur
Calamopityales (incertae sedis):
Alcicornopteris convoluta Kidston
The preparation of thin sections of fossil wood was first developed in the 1820s by George Sanderson and an early example of its application was by Sprengel (1828). However, it was not until the method was refined by William Nicol, to enable the sections to be mounted on glass slides (Nicol, 1834), that its full potential could be realized. One of the most widely read studies on sections of fossil wood was by Nicol's friend Henry Witham (1831, 1833), who included specimens from Lennel Braes. Although he did not himself invent the technique, Witham was the first person to popularize it and bring it to the attention of the wider palaeontological community (Scott, 1911; Gordon, 1935b; Long, 1959a and Andrews, 1980 for an historical account). It had important consequences for the future of palaeobotany since, without the use of thin sections, the discoveries in the Rhynie Chert (see Chapter 4) and the Pennsylvanian coal-balls would have been impossible. It was also of major importance in petrology, since the experience obtained from sectioning such fossils was later applied to making rock sections (Sorby, 1858). As pointed out by Gordon (1935b), however, a more regrettable side-effect was that it tended to cause palaeobotany to be divided into biological and geological camps, a problem which still hinders the development of the subject today.
Witham described sections from a number of other Carboniferous and Jurassic localities, as well as Lennel Braes. The latter is the only one for which he gives a detailed account of the geology, however, and the only one from which material can still be collected.
Witham concluded that the fossil wood from Lennel Braes was coniferous, which appears to explain his use of the generic name Pitus (Witham, 1833). However, this has since been recognized to be incorrect, and at various times it has been assigned to the cordaites (Scott, 1902) and progymnosperms (Beck, 1960); but the currently available evidence now points to it being from lagenostomalean pteridosperm trunks (Long, 1963, 1979a).
Lennel Braes is of considerable historical interest as being the origin of some of the earliest described thin sections of fossil wood. The techniques of making thin sections developed here were of fundamental significance to the development of palaeobotany and petrology. Stratigraphically the locality is the same age as the Whiteadder limestones (see below) with an age of some 350 Ma.