Cleal, C.J. & Thomas, B.A. 1995. Palaeozoic Palaeobotany of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 9. JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 0 412 61090 6.
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Nostell Priory Brickpit has yielded one of the best documented plant fossil assemblages in Britain belonging to the Paripteris linguaefolia Zone (indicating the Bolsovian). It is particularly significant for cordaites and is the type locality for two species of cordaite cone
This brickpit
Barker and Whittle (1944) describe the bed containing the plant fossils as 5.5 metres of 'laminated mudstones', overlying the Shafton Marine Band. They are thus of early Bolsovian age. Barker and Whittle interpret these beds as 'estuarine'.
The fossils are preserved as adpressions. The following species have been described:
Lycopsida:
Lepidodendron cf. simile Kidston
Lepidodendron sp.
Bothrodendron punctatum Lindley and Hutton
Stigmaria ficoides (Sternberg) Brongniart
Flemingites sp.
Equisetopsida:
Calamites suckowii Brongniart
Annularia radiata Brongniart
A. sphenophylloides (Zenker) Gutbier
Asterophyllites equisetiformis Brongniart
A. grandis (Sternberg) Geinitz
Palaeostachya ettingshausenii Kidston
Calamostachys sp.
Myriophyllites gracilis Artis
Pinnularia columnaris (Artis) Zeiller
Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongniart
S. majus Bronn
Filicopsida:
Lobatopteris miltoni (Artis) Wagner
Crossotheca cf. crepinii Zeiller
cf. Renaultia sp.
Cycadopsida:
Alethopteris lonchitica Sternberg
Laveineopteris loshii (Brongniart) Cleal, Shute and Zodrow
Cyclopteris sp.
Lagenostomopsida:
Mariopteris sauveurii (Brongniart) Zeiller
cf. Karinopteris robusta (Danzé-Corsin) Boersma
Rhodea wrightii Barker
Carpolithus reticulates Sternberg
C. minimus Sternberg
Cordaites:
Cordaites borassifolius (Sternberg) Unger
Cordaitanthus flagellibracteatus Barker
C. nostellensis Barker
Cordaicarpus ventricosus Grand'Eury
Samaropsis orbicularis Ettingshausen
S. pyriformis Barker
The presence together of Asterophyllites grandis, Annularia sphenophylloides and Sphenophyllum emarginatum clearly points to this assemblage belonging to the middle Paripteris linguaefolia Zone of Wagner (1984), or the Laveineopteris rarinervis Subzone of Cleal (1991). This is compatible with its position above the Shafton Marine Band, which is in about the middle Bolsovian.
Those uncovered here to date are generally unexceptional, comprising mainly leafy shoots and stigmarian rooting structures. However, Barker reported an incomplete strobilus and some associated megaspores, which might reward further study. Barker identified it as Lepidostrobus variabilis Lindley and Hutton, and Crookall (1966) transferred it to Lepidostrobus ornatus Brongniart. In view of the reported association of megaspores, however, the strobilus is more likely to be a species of Flemingites (Brack-Hanes and Thomas, 1983).
There is rather more variety in the calamitid equisetopsids. At least one species of Annularia and two of Asterophyllites have been reported. Barker has also described specimens of Annularia radiata Brongniart. However, the illustrated specimen shows leaves which are too slender and parallel-sided and may instead belong to Asterophyllites equisetiformis.
Also, a number of calamitid strobili have been reported from here. The most abundant was described by Barker as Palaeostachya ettingshausenii, and the figured specimen seems to confirm the identification (compare with similar specimens figured by Crookall, 1969). A single specimen of a much more slender strobilus was described by Barker as Calamostachys ?sp. nov. Since he did not illustrate this specimen, it is difficult to judge, but the dimensions given in his description suggest a comparison with Calamostachys ramosa Weiss.
A number of species of sphenophyll foliage were listed by Barker, but were only poorly described and illustrated. In view of the more recent work on the variation of leaf form in different parts of the sphenophyll plant (e.g. Storch, 1966; Batenburg, 1977), the identity of the Nostell Priory specimens must be regarded as tentative.
At Nostell Priory, ferns are relatively uncommon, which is typical of middle Westphalian palaeoequatorial assemblages. The most abundant is the marattialean Lobatopteris miltoni, a species recently reviewed by Shute and Cleal (1989). In addition, Barker reported a single example of Crossotheca. He compared it with C. boulayi Zeiller, but Brousmiche (1982) has demonstrated that this is merely part of the range of morphological variability within C. crepinii. Although many palaeobotanists (e.g. Taylor and Millay, 1981) still regard Crossotheca as a lagenostomalean pteridosperm fructification (following Kidston, 1923d), Dame (1955, 1956) and Brousmiche (1982) have shown that it was a fern.
The dominant pteridosperm is an alethopterid. Its identification as A. lonchitica is based on the authority of Barker, but he did not illustrate any specimens. As pointed out by Wagner (1968, 1984), however, this species is widely misidentified, and records from the middle Westphalian often refer to Alethopteris urophylla (Brongniart) von Roehl.
Neuropteroid foliage is represented here by Laveineopteris loshii. Barker identified it as Neuropteris heterophylla (Brongniart) Sternberg, a species which has frequently been confused with L loshii (see Laveine, 1967; Cleal and Shute, 1991, 1992). It is perhaps significant that it is associated here with cyclopterid pinnules, which occur in the lower part of the L. loshii frond but not of the N. heterophylla frond. There is no direct evidence of N. heterophylla in the Nostell Priory assemblage. A single fragment was also identified by Barker as Neuropteris cf. obliqua (Brongniart) Zeiller, although there seems little reason for separating it from the L. losbii.
Two types of mariopteroid frond were reported (Barker in Barker and Whittle, 1944). One was identified as Mariopteris sauveurii, which, from the illustrations, appears to be correctly identified. The second was stated to be specifically identical with Mariopteris sp. D of Kidston (1925), which Danzé-Corsin (1953) formally named Mariopteris robusta, and which Boersma (1972) assigned to the form-genus Karinopteris. There is indeed an apparent comparison with Kidston's figured specimens, especially with the one selected by Boersma as the lectotype of K robusta, but additional material from Nostell Priory will be needed before this rare species (otherwise only known from a few specimens from South Wales, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the Ruhr and the Donets) can be unequivocally recorded from here.
The specimen figured by Barker under the new name Rhodea wrightii appears to be a small type of Palmatopteris. In the absence of more complete material, however, it is difficult to assess this species.
Barker reports a number of excellently preserved cordaite fossils, including some large leaf fragments and isolated seeds. Of most interest, however, was the discovery of a male and a number of female cones, which were made the types of Cordaitanthus nostellensis and C. flagellibrac-teatus, respectively. The latter is particularly distinctive, having very slender, elongate bracts, quite unlike those of any other described species. Both species are known only from this locality.
Adpression floras dominated by pteridosperms, cordaites and equisetopsids are relatively uncommon in the upper Duckmantian and lower Bolsovian of Britain. In South Wales, for instance, conditions seem to have become rather wetter and less favourable for the development of this type of vegetation (Davies, 1929; Dix, 1934); lycopsid-dominated vegetation instead seems to have been the norm. In much of the English Midlands, most strata of this age are in the Etruria red-bed facies, which seem to have been unfavourable for the preservation of plant fossils (Besly and Turner, 1983). There is some evidence of a similar assemblage from the Bradford Four Feet Seam in the Lancashire Coalfield (Kidston, 1892, 1894b), but illustrations of the fossils have never been published and the identifications have not been revised in nearly a hundred years. There is very little evidence of plant fossils from coeval strata in northernmost England or Scotland (jongmans, 1940).
This seems to follow the same pattern seen in most of the paralic coalfields of the palaeoequatorial belt, where assemblages of plant fossils, similar to those at Nostell, are only sporadically found (see Wagner, 1984 for a review of the available evidence). This may reflect the greater marine influence on the delta at this time (Guion and Fielding, 1988), which would allow relatively few river levees to develop. In those relatively few situations where the levees did develop, however, they supported a pteridosperm/cordaite/equisete-dominated type of vegetation, such as found at Nostell.
In addition to their relative scarcity value, sites in the English Pennines, such as Nostell, have the advantage over most of these other areas because the fossils often still retain their cuticles, which can provide important information about the affinities of the plants (e.g. Cleal and Shute, 1991, 1992). The best comparison from this point of view is with the intramontane basins of central Europe, such as with the Sulzbach Formation in Saar-Lorraine (Laveine, 1989) and the Radnice Member of Central Bohemia (Wagner, 1977), where cuticles are often preserved. As pointed out by Gothan (1954), however, the composition of species found in these intra-montane basins is different from that of the paralic belt. Nostell Priory Brickpit is thus of considerable importance for studying the vegetation of the paralic belt of coalfields.
Nostell Priory Brickpit has yielded some of the best documented plant fossils from middle Westphalian rocks in Britain, about 305 million years old. The assemblage consists mainly of primitive and now extinct seed plants with fern-like fronds (pteridosperms) and horsetails, that were typical of the river, levée-bank vegetation growing within the swamp-forests of the time. The site is also important for another group of primitive and now extinct seed plants, the cordaites, which were related to the conifers, but had large, palm-like leaves. The flora here is a typical example of the so-called Coal Measures flora, representing the height of development of the tropical swamp-forests in Late Palaeozoic times, and which generated the thick, economically important coals of the northern and central European coalfields.