Benton, M.J. & Spencer, P.S. 1995. Fossil Reptiles of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 10, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 0 412 62040 5.
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East Wear Bay, Folkestone is the most productive British Gault Clay reptile site
The Gault on the coast east of Folkestone has been known as a good source of fossil vertebrates for 150 years. The fauna of turtles, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and pterosaurs
The Gault section has been described by many authors, such as De Rance (1868), Price (1875), Topley (1875, pp. 145–7), Jukes-Browne and Hill (1900, pp. 69–83), Smart et al. (1966, pp. 56–8, 99–101, 112–13) and Owen (1971, pp. 11–15; 1976). Reptile fords have been discussed by Owen (1874a), Seeley (1877), Woodward and Sherborn (1890) and Persson (1963).
The Gault section is best seen just east of Copt Point. To the west, towards Folkestone Harbour, the underlying Folkestone Beds and Sandgate Beds of the Lower Greensand cropout, and to the north, on the shore of East Wear Bay, the Gault is broken up by landslips. The section at Copt .Point (from Price, 1875 and Jukes-Browne and Hill, 1900, p. 71) is as follows:
| Upper Gault | |
| XIII. Pale grey and buff-coloured marl | 7.3 |
| XII. Dark, glauconitic sand | 1.0 |
| XI. Pale bluish-grey, marly clay | 10.8 |
| X. Grey, marly clay | 5.1 |
| IX. Hard, manly clay | 2.8 |
| Lower Gault | |
| VIII. Junction bed | 0.2 |
| VII. Dark-grey clay | 1.9 |
| VI. Mottled, grey clay | 0.3 |
| V. Mottled clay | 0.5 |
| IV. Light-grey clay | 0.1 |
| III. Light buff-coloured clay | 1.4 |
| II. Very dark clay | 1.3 |
| I. Dark clay and glauconitic sand with nodules at base | 3.1 |
| Ia. Yellowish sand with phosphatic nodules | 1.9 |
These lithological divisions of the 30–35 m thick section are readily determined in the field, and Owen (1971, 1976) gives more detailed logs. An ammonite biostratigraphy has been worked out (Jukes-Browne and Hill, 1900; Spath, 1923–43; Smart et al., 1966; Owen, 1971) and the section is dated as Mid-Late Albian (dentatus to dispar Zones). There is a clear break between the Lower and Upper Gault here, between beds VIII and IX. Fossils include common molluscs, fishes and crustaceans.
Reptiles have been found throughout the whole section, and the horizons are compiled below from Price (1875), Topley (1875, p. 436), Jukes-Browne and Hill (1900), Smart et al. (1966, pp. 112–13) and museum records. Most of the museum specimens and described fossils were not localized to an horizon.
XII. Turtle bones and jaw, ichthyosaur and plesiosaur vertebrae (Topley, 1875, p. 436).
XI. Ichthyosaur remains (BGS(GSM)).
X. 'Bones of Chelonians and fish, and the eggs of a species of Crocodilian' (Jukes-Browne and Hill, 1900, p. 79).
IX. Turtle remains (BGS(GSM)), Polyptychodon (Price, 1874).
VIII. Turtle remains (BGS(GSM)), ichthyosaur and plesiosaur vertebrae (Topley, 1875, p. 436).
VII. Polyptychodon (Price, 1875), turtle (CAMSM).
IV. Pterosaur remains (BGS(GSM)).
II. Large plesiosaur (Smart et al., 1966, p. 112).
I. Ichthyosaur and plesiosaur vertebrae (Topley, 1875, p. 436).
Ia. Polyptychodon (Gault/Folkestone Beds junction: BMNH); turtle (BMNH).
The bones are relatively well preserved, with delicate processes intact, and the skeletons are often partly articulated. These facts suggest that the carcasses were often buried where the animals died, without post-mortem transport.
Fossil reptiles from the Gault of Folkestone are preserved in several museums: BMNH, BGS(GSM), CAMSM and OUM. In the following list, all species are listed, and type specimens noted where relevant. An estimate for the total number of specimens of each is also given as an approximate guide to the relative abundance of each species.
| Numbers | |
| Testudines: Cryptodira: Chelonioidea: | |
| Protostegidae | |
| Rhinochelys elegans Lydekker, 1889 | 1 |
| Rhinochelys sp. | 24 |
| Cimochelys benstedi (Mantell, 1847) | 1 |
| Archosauria: Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea: | |
| Omithocheiridae | |
| Ornithocheirus daviesi (Owen, 1874) Type specimen: BMNH 43074 | 4 |
| Ornithocheirus sp. | 6 |
| Ichthyopterygia: Ichthyosauria: | |
| Ophthalmosauridae | |
| Ophthalmosaurus campylodon (Carter, 1846) | 6 |
| Ophthalmosaurus sp. | 20 |
| Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria: Plesiosauroidea | |
| Cimoliasaurus cantabrigiensis Lydekker, 1889 | 1 |
| Mauisaurus gardneri Seeley, 1877 Type specimen: BMNH 47295 | 1 |
| Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria: Pliosauroidea | |
| Polyptychodon interruptus Owen, 1841 5 | |
| 'plesiosaur' | 4 |
The Gault is a low-energy basinal mud unit. The environment of deposition is interpreted as 'a fairly shallow muddy-bottomed sea' (Smart et al., 1966, p. 102). It forms part of the major mid-Cretaceous marine transgression over much of north-west Europe, which began with deposition of the coarse sands of the Lower Greensand (Aptian), followed by deepening of the basin in the early Albian. The Lower Greensand progressively overstepped older Mesozoic deposits, and the Gault Clay Formation was the first unit completely to cover the Palaeozoic London Platform (Owen, 1971).
The turtles from Folkestone, originally ascribed to Chelone, Protostega and Rhinochelys, all probably belong to the last genus. The material consists mainly of carapace and plastron elements, as well as limb bones, and a skull of R. elegans (BMNH R27). Rhinochelys had a 30–60 mm long skull which is characterized by its short snout and other features. It is classed in the family Protostegidae, a group of turtles mainly from the Late Cretaceous and Early Palaeogene of North America (Collins, 1970). A specimen of a partial plastron (BMNH 47210) from Folkestone is assigned to Cimochelys benstedi by Collins (1970, p. 375) and is, she suggests, possibly the postcranial material of Rhinochelys.
A few slender bones of pterosaurs have been found at Folkestone. Ornithocheirus daviesi is represented by a mandible (BMNH 43074, the type specimen;
Ichthyosaurs are represented by teeth, vertebrae, and limb elements of Ophthalmosaurus. O. campylodon is known from the Cambridge Greensand and the Chalk of Kent and Cambridgeshire. Similar material has been found in the Gault of France, Germany and Russia (Lydekker, 1889a, pp. 15–20). Ophthalmosaurus was a large genus, with centra 100 mm in diameter and a skull 2.5–3.0 m in length. McGowan (1972) ascribed all Cretaceous ichthyosaurs, including Ophthalmosaurus, to Platypterygius.
Several species of plesiosaurs have been recorded. Cimoliasaurus cantabrigiensis Lydekker, 1889, C. constrictus (Owen, 1850) and C. smithi (Owen, 1884) are noted by Woodward and Sherborn (1890) in the BMNH, but only a limb bone of 'C. smithi' has been found at the site. C. cantabrigiensis was based on some vertebrae from the Cambridge Greensand and was distinguished on some minor vertebral characters. This species was regarded as dubious by Persson (1963, p. 18), and he tentatively ascribed it to the Rhomaleosauridae. The type specimen of Mauisaurus gardneri is represented by a partial skeleton, a tooth, the vertebrae of the neck and back
The larger pliosaur Polyptychodon is represented by several teeth and limb bones. Similar material is also known from the Upper Greensand and Cambridge Greensand. The species P. interruptus was regarded as valid by Persson (1963).
The reptile fauna is essentially coastal marine, containing turtles, fish-eating ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, as well as the top carnivore Polyptychodon. Pterosaurs may have been washed in from the land, or they may have died while feeding on fish.
Reptiles are known from several sites in the Gault, but none is as rich as East Wear Bay, Folkestone. Other sites in Kent and West Sussex include Wrotham (
An age-equivalent horizon to the Gault is the Red Chalk at Hunstanton, Norfolk (
Similar plesiosaurs are known from the Mid Cretaceous of northern France (Louppy), central Germany (Langelsheim, etc.), Russia (near Moscow), the United States (Kansas), and Australia (Queensland and New South Wales) (Persson, 1963). Other mid-Cretaceous reptile localities include the French Alps (turtles), and the Meuse and Normandy (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs) (Buffetaut et al., 1981). During these times, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs had waned from their Late Jurassic diversities, and faunas are rather sparse in all parts of the world where they occur.
On land, dinosaurs were flourishing, with new groups such as pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians appearing, and the ornithopods and theropods further diversifying. Pterosaurs and crocodilians were also abundant in terrestrial deposits, and new groups were coming on the scene. The Gault of Folkestone contains few terrestrial elements, other than the rare pterosaur bones, but it shows good examples of the rare mid-Cretaceous ichthyosaurs, plesiosauroids and pliosaurs.
The section at East Wear Bay, Folkestone is Britain's best Gault reptile site. It has yielded one of the best mid-Cretaceous reptile faunas in the world. This international importance and the continuing yield of specimens establishes the site's high conservation value.