Cleal, C.J. & Thomas, B.A. 1996 British Upper Carboniferous Stratigraphy. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 11, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 0 412 72780 3.
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Nostell Brickyard Quarry is the best exposure in Britain of the Shafton Marine Band, an important marker horizon in the middle Bolsovian of northern Europe
This quarry
The exposed sequence here consists of 7.5 m of grey-blue mudstones. The lowest 2 m are brackish deposits, representing the upper part of the Shafton Marine Band. The remainder of the sequence are non-marine, presumably flood-plain deposits.
The mudstones at the base of the sequence yield a shallow marine to brackish assemblage of fossils, including inarticulate brachiopods Orbiculoidea and Lingula, and fish scales such as Rhizodopsis (Barker and Whittle, 1944). Although not seen in this quarry, Edwards et al. (1940) report that in this area, these mudstones are immediately underlain by black shales, and include Pterinopecten, Dunbarella and occasional Anthracoceras. This is the Shafton Marine Band in an Antbracoceras/Pectinoid Facies, which is the typical development of this marine band in this part of the Yorkshire Coalfield (Calver, 1968).
Barker in Barker and Whittle (1944) lists a diverse assemblage of plant fossils from the mudstones overlying the Shafton Marine Band. A fuller account of the palaeobotanical significance of this band is given in the 'Palaeozoic Palaeobotany' GCR volume. From a biostratigraphical standpoint, however, significant species include Laveineopteris loshii (Brongniart) Cleal et al., Alethopteris lonchitica Sternberg, Mariopteris sauveurii (Brongniart) Zeiller, Lobatopteris miltoni (Artis) Wagner, Sphenophyllum cuneifolium Sternberg and Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenker) Gutbier. The assemblage clearly belongs to the middle or upper parts of the Paripteris linguaefolia Zone, and most likely to the Laveineopteris rarinervis Subzone as defined in Cleal (1991). This therefore suggests the middle Bolsovian.
This is the best exposure in Britain of the Shafton Marine Band, one of the key lithostratigraphical marker horizons in the Productive Coal Formation of northern Europe. It represents the penultimate marine incursion into the Pennine Basin in the Westphalian, and is a useful indication of the middle Bolsovian. According to Calver (1968), it is mainly restricted to the southern and central parts of the Pennine Basin, such as the Lancashire, Yorkshire, East Midland, North and South Staffordshire coalfields. Its fullest development is in the southern part of the Yorkshire Coalfield, such as here at Nostell, where it is in the Anthracoceras/PectinoidFacies. According to Edwards et al. (1940), the band can reach a thickness of 7.9 m in this area, although in this quarry it is only about 3.5 m in total, the base not being seen.
The site is also of interest because of the plant fossils. The middle Productive Coal Formation of the Pennine Basin yields some of the most characteristic mid-Westphalian plant fossil assemblages in Britain, perhaps best exemplified by the so-called 'Barnsley Seam Flora' summarized by Kidston (1923–1925) and Crookall (1955–1975). There are currently no good surface exposures from where plant fossils can be collected from the mudstones associated with the Barnsley Seam. While the plant fossils from Nostell are marginally higher, stratigraphically, they include many of the characteristic taxa found near the Barnsley Seam.
Nostell Brickyard Quarry is the best British exposure of shales of the Shafton Marine Band. This is an important marker horizon in the middle Bolsovian (rocks about 311 million years old) of northern Europe. It is also the best place for plant fossils of this age in the Pennine Basin.