Gregory, K.J. (ed.). 1997. Fluvial Geomorphology of Great Britain. Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 13, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 0 412 78930 2.
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This valley has unstable braided reaches, which are relatively rare in north-west England, and has Holocene alluvial fans with good exposures and dating of the sedimentary sequences.
The Langden valley is an important fluvial site, exhibiting one of the most active unstable cobble-bed, mainly braided channels in northern England, and preserving a valuable record of Holocene erosion and deposition in a series of dated tributary alluvial fans and cones. Only recently has the Holocene and contemporary fluvial geomorphology received much attention. Previous work on the area deals with Devensian glaciation and has been summarized by King (1976) and by Johnson (1985b). In the past 30 years the Holocene fluvial geomorphology of the area has received considerable attention including four PhD studies from the University of Liverpool (Wilcock, 1967b; Hitchcock, 1977b; Thompson, 1984; Miller, 1991) and one from Newcastle upon Tyne (Wilkinson, 1971). Fluvial studies have previously related to hydraulic geometry (Wilcock, 1967a, 1971), sediment transport and channel changes (Hitchcock, 1977a; Harvey et al., 1979; Thompson, 1985, 1986, 1987) but have also included studies of the Holocene fluvial sequence (Harvey, 1985a; Harvey and Renwick, 1987; Miller, 1991).
The channel of Langden Brook is an active, unstable, cobble-bed channel, with a high rate of coarse sediment transport (Wilkinson, 1971; Hitchcock, 1977a)
Major sediment supply is from Carboniferous gritstone bedrock, exposed especially in the 'canyon' reach in the upper valley, and from periglacial slope deposits derived from this same bedrock. In the upper reaches, gullies cut through the periglacial deposits into underlying bedrock and are a major current source of sediment. In the highest reaches, blanket peat preserves an, as yet unstudied, history of accumulation and dissection.
The major Holocene landforms include a large landslip below Holdron Moss and a series of river terraces in the upper part of the valley. The most interesting Holocene forms are a suite of tributary junction alluvial fans, some of which include organic deposits, for which a series of radiocarbon dates have been derived
Thompson (1984, 1985, 1986, 1987) has analysed the role of different-magnitude events in producing changes in the channel pattern. He interprets the Langden channel as part of a braided to meandering continuum of cobble- and gravel-bed channels, the patterns of erosion and deposition of which reflect the relationships between pool–riffle units and secondary flows. Different-magnitude events and the sequence of flows have been shown to have a profound effect upon the degree of braiding.
The radiocarbon dates, obtained from organic layers within the Holocene alluvial fans, suggest two major periods of Late Holocene fan formation, one between c. 4000 BP and c. 2000 BP and one at c. 1000 BP (Harvey and Renwick, 1987; Miller, 1991). The younger phase coincides with a period of fan formation in the Howgill Fells further north (Harvey et al., 1981; Harvey, 1985a, 1992b, 1996; Miller, 1991), and is attributed to accelerated erosion following deforestation in Viking times. The dated fans are at Weasel Clough, Fiendsdale, Langden Castle and Little Hareden Clough
Langden Brook is an important site for fluvial geomorphology, primarily because it provides an excellent example of an unstable cobble-bed channel
The Langden valley represents an important upland fluvial site with a well-developed unstable partially braided channel, which is relatively unusual in northern England, but the processes and morphology of which have been well researched. The valley also contains an excellent, dated record of Holocene erosion and deposition preserved in alluvial fan sediments.