The original source material for these web pages has been made available by the JNCC under the Open Government Licence 3.0. Full details in the JNCC Open Data Policy Huddart, D. & Glasser, N.F. 2007. Quaternary of Northern England. Geological Conservation Review Series No. 25, JNCC, Peterborough, ISBN 1 86107 490 5.

Skiddaw

[NY 261 287]

J. Boardman

Introduction

Two aspects of the geomorphology of the Skiddaw massif are of interest, in the context of both periglacial processes and landforms. These are the existence of currently active patterned ground, and the evidence for a more severe periglacial climate in the past in the form of snow-bed features and protalus ramparts.

Patterned ground of the type generally associated with current or past periglacial conditions can be found on the high flat summits of Skiddaw, and Caine's (1972) survey of the central Lake District recorded the distribution of sorted, patterned ground comprising polygons and stripes. Snow-bed features and protalus ramparts are of importance because they point to the former existence of perennial snow beds, and therefore a climatic regime cooler and/or wetter than the present. 'Protalus ramparts' are curving ridges of coarse debris that accumulate at the foot of steep cliffs by sliding and rolling across a snow patch (Ballantyne and Kirkbride, 1987b) (Figure 7.32). Snow-bed features were described from the Lake District by Sissons (1980), who associated them with the periglacial climate of the Loch Lomond Stadial and therefore are contemporaneous with small come and valley glaciers. The site at Dead Crags [NY 260 291] displays both snow-bed features and protalus ramparts (Oxford, 1994).

Description

Warburton (1985) recorded patterned ground at six sites on Skiddaw and he described them in association with the lithologically similar sites on Grasmoor and in contrast to the Helvellyn sites, which are developed on Borrowdale Volcanic Group lithologies. Sorted stripes on Skiddaw tend to be more extensive than on the Borrowdale Volcanic rocks and occur in a series of stepped benches separated by lobe fronts or turf bands. Stripe widths and depths tend to be greater on Skiddaw but width–depth ratios of sorted stripes, as at other sites, tend to give a relatively constant ratio of about 4:1 (Warburton, 1997). Silt and clay contents are similar at all sites, but there is less variability in grain size and more segregation between fine and coarse stripes at Skiddaw sites compared with Helvellyn. Clast size is smaller and clasts are more platy than on the volcanic lithologies (Warburton, 1985).

The snow-bed features at Dead Crags are shown in (Figure 7.33) and (Figure 7.34). Ballantyne and Kirkbride (1987b) identified feature 2 (Figure 7.33) as a protalus rampart and describe it as an arcuate ridge, 300 m long by 40 m wide, at an altitude of 295 m. The ridge is located 25 m downslope from the foot of a talus slope and the ridge faces a direction of 040°. It has a proximal height of 3 m with a maximum gradient of 21°, a distal height of 13 m and a maximum gradient height of 34°. Deposits in the ridge reach a maximum thickness of over 10 m and consist of slate blocks with interstitial fines. The shallowness of the depression behind the ridge probably results from subsequent infill by slopewash of finer material.

Interpretation

Caine (1972) demonstrated that the distribution of patterned ground in the Lake District shows a strong preference for Skiddaw Slate lithologies, presumably because they are more frost susceptible than the Borrowdale Volcanics. Warburton (1997) showed a tendency for sites at higher elevations to have deeper sorting as a result of more frost days, and therefore greater frost heave potential at higher elevation. For the Skiddaw sites the relationship is rather poor and other factors seem to be operative, particularly the presence of frost-susceptible material at the site.

The protalus rampart was produced by rock clasts – released by frost action from an outcrop above a sheltered snow patch – sliding and rolling down the surface of the snow patch and accumulating as an arcuate ridge at its lower limit. In this respect, it is a typical example of these features and its existence attests to the severity of the climate, in terms of frost weathering, and the presence of a regional snowline. The feature is likely to have been developed during the Loch Lomond Stadial episode.

Conclusions

The periglacial patterned ground and snow bed and protalus rampart features of the Skiddaw area confirm the importance of periglacial processes, immediately following the Late Devensian deglaciation, during the Loch Lomond Stadial episode and, at high altitude, during the Holocene Epoch, to the development of the Lake District landscape.

References

(Figure 7.32) Model of protalus-rampart development at the foot of a thickening snow bed (after Ballantyne and Kirkbride, 1987b).

(Figure 7.33) Glacial and periglacial landforms at Dead Crags (after Oxford, 1994).

(Figure 7.34) Snow bed landforms, Dead Crags, feature 2 on (Figure 7.33) (view looking to the north-west) and the talus above the protalus rampart. (Photo: D. Huddart.)