List of figures, photographs and tables

Figures

(Figure 1) The Topography of County Durham.

(Figure 2) Simplified geological map of County Durham.

(Figure 3) English Nature 'Character Areas' within County Durham.

(Figure 4) County Durham and the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

(Figure 5) Location of Durham County Geological sites (April 2004).

(Figure 6) Simplified geological timescale of County Durham.

(Figure 7) Distribution of Ordovician rocks in Great Britain.

(Figure 8) Distribution of Ordovician rocks in County Durham.

(Figure 9) Idealised 'Yoredale' cyclothem.

(Figure 10) Distribution of Dinantian rocks in Great Britain.

(Figure 11) Distribution of Dinantian rocks in County Durham.

(Figure 12) Distribution of Namurian rocks in Great Britain .

(Figure 13) Distribution of Namurian rocks in County Durham.

(Figure 14) Distribution of Westphalian rocks in Great Britain the coal-bearing rocks between different coalfields. In the absence of many distinguishing features within the coals themselves two types of 'marker horizon' have been used for correlation: marine bands and tonsteins.

(Figure 15) Distribution of Westphalian rocks in County Durham.

(Figure 16) Location of Opencast Coal Sites in County Durham.

(Figure 17) Distribution of Permian rocks in Great Britain.

(Figure 18) Distribution of Permian rocks in County Durham.

(Figure 19) Schematic cross section through Permian rocks of County Durham.

(Figure 20) Distribution of intrusive igneous rocks in County Durham.

(Figure 21) Distribution of main concentrations of mineral veins in Great Britain.

(Figure 22) Distribution of mineral veins in County Durham.

(Figure 23) Maximum extent of ice in Great Britain during the Devensian glaciation.

(Figure 24) Distribution of Quaternary deposits in County Durham .

(Figure 25) Distribution of major landforms in County Durham .

(Figure 26) Distribution of soils in County Durham.

(Figure 27) The distribution of lead in stream sediment and soil over County Durham.

(Figure 28) Index to BGS medium-scale geological maps in County Durham.

(Front cover) Front cover.

(Photo 1) Cronkley Pencil Mill, Teesdale. Old quarry in Ordovician Skiddaw Group slates, formerly worked for making slate pencils. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 2) Heights Quarry, Eastgate, Weardale. Great Limestone and overlying shales and sandstones. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 3) Barnard Castle. The river cliff exposes the Top and Bottom Crag Limestones and intervening beds. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 4) Namurian shales exposed in North Grain, Rookhopehead, Rookhope. An iron-rich spring flows from a fault cutting the shales. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 5) Bank of River Tees, Falcon Clints, Teesdale. Exposure of conglomerates belonging to the Orton Group. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 6) Greengates Quarry, Lunedale. Rocks of the Three Yard Limestone cyclothem exposed in the quarry face. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 7) Lanehead, Weardale. Upland fields on outcrops of Dinantian rocks. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 8) Exposures of 'Second Grit' in banks of River Derwent, Shotley Bridge. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 9) Rogerley Quarry, Frosterley. Great Limestone. The tunnel is one of the experimental drives for the Kielder Water scheme. Photographed 1977. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 10) Frosterley Marble. Polished surface. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 11) Coldberry Mine Shop, Hudeshope Valley, Teesdale. Prominent terrace features formed by differential erosion of Namurian rocks. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 12) Lime kilns at Skears Quarry, in the Great Limestone, Middleton-in-Teesdale. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 13) Reconstruction of Coal Measures swamp. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 14) Prior's Close Opencast Coal Site, Great Lumley. Fossilised log of Cordiaites in sandstone. Photographed 1997. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 15) Cobey's Carr Quarry, near Willington. Typical Coal Measures shales and sandstones. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 16) Panoramic view from Mountsett, near Stanley. Landscape typical of the western part of the Coalfield. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 17) Brusselton Hill, near Shildon. Landscape of the eastern part of the Coalfield with the Magnesian Limestone escarpment in the distance. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 18) Horden Colliery, photographed in 1973. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 19) Hown's Quarry, Consett. Underground quarries in the sandstone between the Marshall Green and Victoria coals. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 20) Iron-rich minewater discharge. Stony Heap, near Lanchester. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 21) Gas vent to allow drainage of mine gases from old workings. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 22) Crime Rigg Quarry, Sherburn Hill. Thick Yellow Sands beneath Raisby Formation and Marl Slate. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 23) Hepplewhites Quarry, Quarrington. Yellow Sands overlain in turn by Marl Slate (grey) and Raisby Formation. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 24) Old Quarrington Quarry, Quarrington Hill. Marl Slate resting on Yellow Sands. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 25) Thrislington Quarry, Ferryhill. Dolomitic limestone with cavities, characteristic of part of the Raisby Formation. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 26) Hesleden Dene. Algal domes in Magnesian Limestone. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 27) Blackhall Rocks. Caves in Ford Formation. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 28) Quarrington. The escarpment of the Magnesian Limestone. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 29) Heighington. Magnesian Limestone as a building stone: the quoins are Coal Measures sandstone. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 30) Coxhoe (Raisby) Quarry. Dolomitic limestone of the Raisby Formation. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 31) Copt Hill Quarry, Cowshill, Weardale. Abandoned quarry in Whin Sill adjacent to Burtreeford Disturbance. SM Clarke, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 32) Thin section of Whin Sill dolerite pegmatite from High Force Quarry, Teesdale. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 33) Haggerleases Quarry, Cockfield Fell, July 2003. Worked-out section of the Cleveland–Armathwaite dyke. The face on the right is in Coal Measures sandstone. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 34) The Whin Sill outcrop at Low Force, Teesdale. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 35) High Force, Teesdale. The Whin Sill here intrudes the beds above the Tynebottom Limestone. SM Clarke, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 36) Holwick Scars, Teesdale. Crags of columnar-jointed Whin Sill dolerite. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 37) Bolam Quarry, Workings in part of the Cleveland Dyke, photographed 1963, now backfilled. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 38) Force Garth Quarry, Teesdale. Working Whin Sill dolerite. SM Clarke, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 39) Wynch Bridge, Teesdale. Raft of metamorphosed sandstones in Whin Sill. SM Clarke, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 40) Sugar limestone outcrop on Widdybank Fell, Teesdale. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 41) Closehouse Mine, Lunedale. The wide barytes vein adjacent to the Lunedale Fault . Photographed 1984. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 42) Middlehope Burn, Westgate, Weardale. Folded Dinantian sandstones on north side of Slitt Vein. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 43) West Rigg Opencut, Westgate, Weardale. Worked out iron ore flats adjoining Slitt Vein. The vein remains as an unworked pillar in the centre of the quarry. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 44) Ankerite and galena-rich flat in Great Limestone. Wellheads Hush, Weardale. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 45) Raisby Railway Cutting, Coxhoe. Exposure of copper mineralisation in Magnesian Limestone adjoining the Butterknowle fault. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 46) Queensberry Ironstone Workings,Cowshill, Weardale. Long-abandoned and overgrown workings in ironstone flats adjacent to the Burtreeford Disturbance. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 47) Groverake Mine, Rookhope. Surface plant and buildings of County Durham's last fluorite mine. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 48) Aerial view of Groverake Mine, Rookhope. The course of Groverake vein is marked at the surface by a line of large crown holes. Infoterra.

(Photo 49) Shippersea Bay, Easington. Quaternary debris filling fissure in Magnesian Limestone. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 50) Haugh Hill, Harwood, Teesdale. Till overlying striated pavement of Whin Sill dolerite. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 51) Devil's Stones, Crook. Erratic boulders of volcanic rocks from the Lake District. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 52) Herdship Fell, Teesdale. Large erratic mass of Dinantian limestone. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 53) Cauldron Snout, Teesdale. The pre-glacial channel of the River Tees, now plugged with till, can be seen in the river bank. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 54) Shippersea Bay, Easington.The Easington Raised Beach. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 55) Hawthorn Hive. Pyrite-rich sand derived from colliery spoil. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 56) Durham Gravel Pit. Glacial sands and gravels. Photographed 1965. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 57) Aerial photograph of sink holes into Great Limestone, Teesdale. Aerial photograph by ukperspectives.com.

(Photo 58) Jacob's Pot, Harehope Quarry, cave in Great Limestone. CL Vye, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 59) God's Bridge. A natural arch in Great Limestone over the River Greta. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 60) Entrance to Fairy Holes Cave in Great Limestone, Eastgate Quarry, Weardale. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 61) Hown's Gill, Consett. A large glacial drainage channel. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 62) Kelloe meltwater channel, Kelloe. Photographed 1960. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 63) Harwood, Teesdale. The River Tees cuts through a large drumlin. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 64) Cronkley Fell, Teesdale. Morainic deposits mantle the lower slopes. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 65) The incised meander of the River Wear, Durham City. Aerial photograph by ukperspectives.com.

(Photo 66) The Durham Coast at Easington. Charlie Hedley, ©Countryside Agency.

(Photo 67) 'The Chair', Blackhall Rocks, a natural arch in Magnesian Limestone, immediately prior to demolition for safety reasons in 2004. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 68) Fossilised tree stump in Stanhope Churchyard, Weardale. Photographed in 1971, the site is now much overshadowed by trees. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 69) Palaeoniscus sp. A well preserved fish typical of the Marl Slate. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 70) Synocladia virgulacea. A beautifully preserved reef- building bryozoan from the reef limestones of the Magnesian Limestone. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 71) Crystals of purple fluorite from Boltsburn Mine, Rookhope. Natural History Museum, London.

(Photo 72) Polished slice of the unusual niccolite (copper coloured), magnetite (black) ore from Lady's Rake Mine, Teesdale. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 73) Rookhope Borehole, 1960–61. Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Durham.

(Photo 74) Area of Knitsley Opencast site, before working. ex-Opencast Executive Collection now deposited with BGS. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 75) Knitsley Opencast site, during working. ex-Opencast Executive Collection now deposited with BGS. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 76) Bollihope, Weardale. Abandoned quarries in Great Limestone. CL Vye, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 77) Dun House Quarry, Stainton. Namurian sandstone worked as building stone. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 78) Cambokeels Mine, Weardale. The original stone- arched horse level. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 79) Groverake Mine, Rookhope. Loading fluorspar ore in the 60 Fathom Level. Photographed 1982. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 80) Lodge Sike Mine, Teesdale. Extensive spoil heaps from old lead workings. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 81) Hawthorn Hive, Easington. Colliery spoil accumulated on beach. The vivid yellow areas are crusts of iron sulphate minerals forming by weathering of the pyrite-rich spoil. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 82) Durham Cathedral. A striking example of the use of Coal Measures sandstone (the Low Main Post) as a building stone. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 83) Durham Cathedral. Polished columns of Frosterley Marble contrasting with Coal Measures Sandstone in the Chapel of the Nine Altars. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 84) Helmington Row, near Crook. Pale grey bricks produced from Coal Measures fireclay. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 85) Drystone wall built of limestone as host to a variety of lichens and mosses. God's Bridge, Bowes Moor. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 86) Heighington Church. Churches and church yards such as this contain a variety of rock types. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 87) Sir Kingsley Dunham (1910–2001). BGS, ©NERC, 2004. Photo 88. Thomas Sopwith with a selection of his wooded models of geological structures. BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 88) Thomas Sopwith with a selection of his wooden models of geological structures.

(Photo 89) Spar Box made with North Pennines and Cumbrian minerals. Killhope Lead Mining Museum.

(Photo 90) Interpretation panel. West Rigg Opencut, Westgate, Weardale. DJD Lawrence, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

(Photo 91) Interpreting lead mining at Killhope Lead Mining Museum. B Young, BGS, ©NERC, 2004.

Tables

(Table 1) Details of County Durham County geological sites 13 shown in (Figure 5).

(Table 2) Classification of Carboniferous rocks in County Durham.

(Table 3) Principal coal seams in County Durham.

(Table 4) Classification of Permian rocks in County Durham.

Full references